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Ectopic gallbladder (EGB) is a rare condition in which the gallbladder is located outside its normal anatomical position. Gallbladder duplication is an uncommon congenital anomaly, reported in approximately 1 in 4,000 individuals. Although usually asymptomatic, an unrecognized duplicated gallbladder may lead to significant complications, particularly when a second gallbladder is inadvertently left in situ following cholecystectomy. Ectopic gallbladders have been described in various abdominal locations, most commonly beneath the left hepatic lobe, intrahepatic, transverse, retrohepatic, retroperitoneal, within the lesser omentum, or embedded in the falciform ligament. We report the case of a 65-year-old woman who experienced recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and cholangitis for several years following a cholecystectomy performed in 2009. Multiple imaging investigations identified a cystic lesion within the right hepatic region. Interestingly, this lesion demonstrated an inconsistent appearance on liver magnetic resonance imaging, behaving as a “phantom cystic mass.” Surgical exploration, initially planned as a hepatic resection, revealed a cystic structure suggestive of a gallbladder located to the right of the falciform ligament and communicating with the left hepatic duct. Histopathological examination confirmed a true duplicated gallbladder. This finding explained both the patient's recurrent paroxysmal abdominal pain and the intermittent visualization of the cystic lesion on MRI, likely resulting from cyclical filling and emptying of the ectopic gallbladder. To our knowledge, this case describes a previously unreported clinicoradiological entity, for which we propose the term Khenchoul's syndrome, defined as an ectopic gallbladder located to the right of the falciform ligament. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges associated with gallbladder duplication after cholecystectomy and emphasizes the importance of meticulous intraoperative assessment and h

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The childhood memory of the lead author tells the readers that in summers the tree gives ‘Ice Apple’ (‘Tal Saj’ in Odia language meaning the ‘Tall Tree’ & ‘Fresh’). Further, as the rainy season approaches, the fruit ripens & when the pulp is mixed with jiggery & the resulted dough is deep fried to get ball shaped soft and tender structures that come as a nutritious delicacy that is full of fiber. Further, when the discarded seeds germinate in the open, another delicacy comes out inside the germinated seed when the hard nut is split open. The current article primarily focuses on the nutritional and medicinal uses of the tree and its fruit while touching upon other benefits as well. Among the medicinal uses, it focuses on the homoeopathic use of the tree in homoeopathic therapeutics. There is a huge opportunity to include the medicine ‘Borassus Flabellifer’ in homoeopathic therapeutics so that people can benefit from the clinically effective, cost effective & zero side effects of this medicine.

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Introduction: Many people easily access information about medications to treat their symptoms, despite not knowing the side effects of these drugs. One of the frequently used medication options is NSAIDs, such as Diclofenac Sodium. The irrational use of Diclofenac Sodium can cause side effects such as gastritis. Measures that can be taken to reduce inflammation and damage to the gastric mucosa are by administering medications and herbs. One of the herbal plants that can be used is Binahong Leaf. Aims: To identify the effect of Binahong Leaf extract on gastric histopathology of white rats induced by Diclofenac Sodium. Method: The research is a laboratory experiment with a true experimental design posttest only with control group approach in the treatment and control groups. The experimental animal samples were divided into 5 groups, namely the negative control, positive control, treatment 1 (extract dose 100 mg/kgBW), treatment 2 (extract dose 150 mg/kgBW), and treatment 3 (extract dose 200 mg/kgBW). Assessment of gastric mucosal epithelium using Barthel Manja Scoring. Data analysis using One Way Anova Test and Post Hoc Fisher's LSD Test. Results: The test results using One Way Anova showed a significant difference in the histopathology of the stomach of white rats given Binahong Leaf extract with a value of p = 0.000 (p <0.05). Conclusion: There is an effect of Binahong Leaf extract on gastric histopathology of white rats induced by Diclofenac Sodium with the most effective dose of 200 mg/ kgBW.

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Secondary cardiac tumors are rare and severe conditions, usually occurring in the advanced stages of primary cancer and consequently associated with a poor prognosis. Their clinical presentations are variable and often misleading. We report the case of a 50-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with dyspnea and a deteriorated general condition. Initial echocardiographic evaluation revealed a mass in the left atrium extending into the pulmonary veins. The final diagnosis was pulmonary adenocarcinoma with atrial invasion. We describe the clinical scenario and management, and provide a brief review of the literature.

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Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasingly reported in Africa, but diagnosis is frequently constrained by limited access to lower gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, histopathology, and specialist services. We compared socio-demographic characteristics and documentation of investigations/procedures among patients diagnosed with IBD versus other gastrointestinal diseases (GD) at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), Kenya. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case–control review of KNH medical records from January 2011 to December 2024. Cases had a clinician-documented diagnosis of Crohn’s disease and/or ulcerative colitis. Controls had other GD diagnoses. We summarized participant characteristics and documented investigations/procedures. Groups were compared using χ²/Fisher’s exact tests, and binary logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Among 151 records, 45 (29.8%) were IBD and 106 (70.2%) were other GD. No socio-demographic variable (age group, sex, education, marital status, occupation) differed significantly between groups (p>0.05). Lower GI endoscopy (colonoscopy and/or sigmoidoscopy, recorded in charts as “endoscopy”) was documented more often among IBD than GD (40.0% vs 30.2%; p=0.046). Gastroscopy/EGD was more frequently documented among GD than IBD (18.9% vs 2.2%; p=0.007), consistent with the GD case-mix. CT and MRI were infrequently documented and typically lacked protocol detail, for instance enterography vs non-specific imaging. In adjusted models, documented lower GI endoscopy was associated with being in the IBD diagnosis group (aOR 2.73; 95% CI 1.14–6.54; p=0.024), while gastroscopy (aOR 0.06; 95% CI 0.006–0.64; p=0.020) and jejunostomy (aOR 0.17; 95% CI 0.04–0.81; p=0.026) were inversely associated. These associations likely reflect diagnostic suspicion and access/documentation rather than causality. Conclusion: Socio-demographics did not distinguish IBD from other

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Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in the first 6 months of life is the most effective way to ensure a child’s survival and optimal development. Despite its benefits, the rates in many countries including Nigeria remain below global targets. This study assessed the knowledge and practice of EBF and identified factors associated with its practice among mothers in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A multi-facility cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 mothers of children aged 6–24 months at three healthcare facilities in Yenagoa. Data were collected over three months using a face to face administered structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed to identify factors associated with EBF practice. Results obtained showed that EBF awareness was high, with 94.6% of respondents having heard of it, and 97.1% correctly defining it. Only 21.7% of mothers practiced EBF for the recommended six months. Key barriers included returning to work (38.2%) and perceived milk inadequacy (31.9%). Statistically significant factors positively associated with EBF practice included breastfeeding on demand (p=0.006), maternal conviction of breast milk adequacy (p=0.0007), work-related support for EBF (p=0.003), and family support for EBF (p=0.017). Conversely, mothers who perceived EBF as exhausting/inconveniencing were significantly less likely to exclusively breastfeed (p=0.0001), as well as those who could afford infant formula (p=0.001). This calls for strategies to address the identified huge EBF knowledge –practice gap through strategies that enhance workplace support for EBF, targeted breastfeeding health education for both mothers and available family members and addressing wrong perceptions that impact negatively on EBF.