ABSTRACT
Objective: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic condition of the oral cavity which results in permanent disability. A number of studies have proven that the management of premalignant diseases should include antioxidants. Therefore, a study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of spirulina in the management of 40 oral submucous fibrosis in uttar Pradesh. Materials and Method: An study was conducted on 40 oral submucous fibrosis cases, 40 patients given spirulina capsules systemetically 500 mg twice daily for period of 6 months .The results were analyzed with tukey test and ANNOVA test. Result: The result showed statistically significant improvement in burning sensation whereas it was clinically significant in mouth opening and tongue protrusion. Conclusion: Spirulina can bring about clinical improvements in OSF patients. The observed effects suggest that spirulina can be used in management of OSF patients. However, studies involving larger samples and longer period of treatment follow up are suggested in the future.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Persistent oral bleeding in a child may be a sign of a bleeding disorder. The objective of this work is to describe the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of hemophilia. Observation: We report the case of an 11-month-old male infant who had been admitted to the maxillofacial surgery department for persistent post-traumatic gingivorrhagia in a patient with no particular history. The clinical examination noted a wound with a layer of gingival bleeding, hematomas in the two upper limbs. Biological exploration revealed normochromic microcytic anemia at 6.5 g/dl; 97% prothrombin rate. The treatment consisted of gingival suture with tranexamic acid compression dressing, vitamin k injection and transfusion of 2 iso-group, iso-rhesus blood bags. The persistence of bleeding led to a search for coagulation factors, with factor VIII returning to less than 1%, concluding with the diagnosis of hemophilia A. Transfusion of an iso-group iso-rhesus blood bag to stop the bleeding. Transfer of the patient to the hematology department for specialized care. Discussion: Any unusual bleeding from the cephalic and bucco-facial sphere in an infant should raise the question of hemophilia. Conclusion: Stomatorrhagia is the evocative sign and the suture accompanied by blood transfusion a means of treatment.

ABSTRACT
Teleorthodontics refers to the use of Information Technology and Telecommunications to facilitate Orthodontic Consultation about the care to be rendered, the Practitioner, the Patient and Public Education as well as promoting Public Awareness. Despite skepticism, there are several advantages of including Teleorthodontics in the clinical Orthodontic Practice. In the present review, the new communication healthcare system and its applications in the field of Orthodontics that is destined to change the future of our clinical practice will be discussed. For this purpose, the point to point concept and the scope of Teleorthodontics has been provided. The information discussed in the present article is obtained from the most relevant studies evaluating the performance of Teleorthodontics and remote monitoring systems in clinical practice.

ABSTRACT
Rehabilitation of endodontically treated molar still remains a controversial issue. Over the years, the use of post-retained restorations has been questioned because of potential tooth weakening. Nowadays, endocrowns are considered as a reliable alternative technique to restore endodontically treated teeth with extensive coronal damage. This partial restoration requires specific preparation design and rigorous adhesion protocol. The present paper aimed to describe the preparation technique for endocrowns, indications, contraindications, and best material adapted for fabrication. This was illustrated through a clinical case to restore the first right mandibular molar by an endocrown fabricated from lithium disilicate-ceramic (IPS e-max CAD).

ABSTRACT
Introduction: The authors report a case of nasal reconstruction by frontal flap and compound graft on an amputation of the nostril. The aim of the work is to determine the advantages and disadvantages of forehead flap with compound graft in nasal reconstruction. Observation: A 30-year-old patient with no particular history was admitted to the stomatology and maxillofacial surgery department of the University Hospital of OWENDO for amputation of the left nostril by human bite. The examination revealed a loss of cutaneous-musculo-cartilo-mucous substance of the nasal ala and part of the tip of the nose. The indication for reconstruction by frontal flap associated with a compound graft was established. The 1st operation allowed a repair combining a septal mucosal graft with the auricular cartilage and the frontal flap. The 2nd stage was performed on D26 and consisted of weaning and repositioning of the frontal flap, completed by degreasing at the level of the nasal wing. Result deemed satisfactory. Discussion: The use of the frontal flap is classically done in 3 stages with defatting in the 2nd stage and can be coupled with a compound graft. This use can also be done in 2 stages with degreasing and late weaning in the 2nd stage with or without a compound graft. One of the advantages remains the good reliability, and one of the disadvantages the frontal scar. Conclusion: The combination of frontal flap and composite graft allows good reconstruction of the nasal ala.

ABSTRACT
Aim and Background: This retrospective study evaluated the changes in adenoid and pharyngeal airway spaces associated with surgical mandibular setback in skeletal Class III patients. Patients and Methods: Pre- and one- year-post-operative lateral cephalograms of 25 adult patients with mandibular prognathism who had bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) were traced. Cephalometric parameters including SNA, SNB, GoGn to SN, y-axis, SPPS, MPS, IPS, PNS-Eb, at-atp, ppw-Ba were calculated, compared, and then data were analyzed using Paired t-test or Sign test. The role of growth pattern and gender factor was analyzed with Fisher exact test. MannWhitney test was utilized to compare between the groups of male/female as well as the groups of vertical/horizontal grower. The results were considered at a maximum level of significance of 5% (P < 0.05). Results: At long-term follow-up, 25 patients (m:8, f:17) with the mean age of 25±4; there was a decrease in MPS value (3.8±6.7) that statistically significant (P=0.001). Although an increase was found in PNS-Eb index (3.1±4.4), the changes were not significant (P=0.03). No significant change was observed in other parameters. Also, growth pattern and gender didn’t affect the mentioned parameters. Conclusion: Mandibular setback surgery causes a long-term effect in some parameters of pharyngeal airway space area. In patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea or in case of some other risk factors including overweight, short necks, and small pharyngeal airway space, a mandibular setback surgery could possibly predispose to the development of sleep apnea syndrome.

ABSTRACT
There is a difference in the ideals of facial beauty and aesthetic assessment used in orthodontics, from what public opinion believes. For instance, having a light skin in some of Asian societies is considered as among the important factors for female beauty. Consequently, skin whitening products are very widespread. Occasionally, an orthodontist or any other dental practitioner ignores the public’s perceptions of dental esthetics, and this might lead to dissatisfaction with the treatment outcomes since the patients’ perception may be different from that of the clinician. This study determines the facial profile preferred by Tanzanians population. Study involved 160 adult participants of both sexes from Dar es salaam, Tanzania. Images of participants were modified to generate four types of solid black silhouettes facial profiles. Special questionnaires inquiring demographic information, comprised of eight profile silhouettes, were given to the raters. Correlation and descriptive statistical analysis were computed by Stata15. Associations of the responses were compared according to gender, age, skin color, and income. A t-test was used to compare between genders, while ANOVA was used to compare between, skin color, income and age groups. All statistical significance was accepted at CI 95% and p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Interdependence among variables in the sample was determined by multiple regression analysis. Significant correlation was set at p < 0.05. In conclusion, female Straight profile and male Class I profile were the most preferred profiles while, Class III was the least preferred regardless of gender, age, skin color and income differences.