ABSTRACT
Malaria is a great public health challenge among the people in the rural communities. They lack adequate knowledge of the infection, preventive strategies regarding to contact with the vector species and better treatment implementation. Studies on the comparative studies on the plasmodium falciparum infection was conducted in five villages of Odegu clan of Emohua Local Government Area, Rivers State, Niger Delta between September 2021 and April, 2022. About 2mls of intravenous blood samples were collected from cubital veins of the arm from 1252 randomly selected individuals and examined using routine microscopy after processing with standard parasitologic techniques. The study revealed Plasmodium falciparum was only species of malaria found during the study with an overall prevalence of 709 (56.6%) across the five study areas. It was observed that Rumuji has a higher prevalence of 16.5%, followed by Rumuodogo with 15.4% prevalence, while the least prevalence of 4.5% were recorded with Eveku community. Result from age-related prevalence shows 20-29 years age brackets were observed to be most infected with 13.5%, while least prevalence were observed with age 80+. Study participant in sex-related prevalence shows female recorded 58.5% prevalence while male recorded 53.6% prevalence. The study indicates that malaria is still prevalence in the rural areas. Environmental sanitation is highly needed to prevent the breeding of vector host in the study area. There is need to empower the people through education and awareness to understand better on strategies in elimination, prevention and control measures.

ABSTRACT
Vegetables are dietary sources of nutrient, vitamins and fiber for human growth and development cultivated with irrigation water and sewage which can cause contamination. Therefore, the study was aimed to enumerate, isolate and identify bacteria isolated from irrigated vegetables in Kano metropolis. A total of twenty seven 27 vegetables samples were collected from three kinds of vegetables (Carrot, Lettuce and Cabbage) from three different locations (Kwakwaci, Shagari and Jaba quarters wastewater irrigation area). The mean bacterial counts for Daucus carota (Carrot) sample based on the three different location (Kwakwaci, Shagari and Jaba wastewater irrigation area) ranged from 1.40 x103 to 1.63 x103 cfu/ml, the mean bacterial counts for Cabbage sample range from 1.90 x103 to 4.43 x103 while the mean of bacterial counts for Latuca sativa (Lettuce) sample range from 1.33 x103 to 1.70 x103. In Gram-negative bacteria, the most common bacteria isolated and identified were Escherichia coli (27.54%) followed by Salmonella (24.64%) and Shigella (17.39%). In the Gram-positive bacteria only Staphylococcus aureus (30.43%) was found.

ABSTRACT
Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a baculovirus that has been a major threat to the sericulture industry for decades. Through its envelope protein, P64, which interacts with the host receptor, Bombyx mori gp64, BmNPV attaches itself to silkworm cells. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the next mechanism by which the virus enters cells. After much research, the entrance mechanisms of BmNPV were shown to be a multi-step, intricate process. BmNPV first attaches itself to the surface of the host cell through its envelope protein, P64. Actin polymerization and clathrin-mediated endocytosis are two processes that are triggered by this contact and aid in the internalization of viruses. After entering, BmNPV uses the resources of the host cell to travel to the nucleus, where it replicates. The paper review the virus's history, entry mechanisms, and replication strategies.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Intestinal parasitosis is a global health problem. It is estimated that some 3.5 billion people are infected. Aim of the Study: To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis based on the results of parasitic coprologies performed at the parasitology laboratory of the Mohammed V Military Hospital (HMIMV) in Rabat and to identify the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive and retrospective cross-sectional survey, carried out over a period of 2 years, from 1st January 2022 to 1st December 2023. The results of stool parasitology examinations were retrieved from the laboratory analysis reports. The data were entered into Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and exported to Jamovi version 2.6.13 for statistical analysis. Results: During the study period, we included 7,300 stool parasitology examinations: 4,453 men (61%) and 2,847 women (39%). The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 26.12%. Blastocystis hominis alone represented 73.45%, Endolimax nanus 17.77%, Dientamoeba fragilis 4.44%, Entamoeba coli 1.11%, Giardia intestinalis 0.55%, Entamoeba histolytica 0.25%, Chilomastix mesnili 0.37%, Trichomonas intestinalis 0.18%, Enterobius vermicularis 1.48% and Ascaris lumbricoides 0.37%. Conclusion: Polyparasitism affects 37% of patients. This indicates a very low level of hygiene, contaminated water and unfavorable living conditions. The prevalence of intestinal parasitism was fairly high in the population examined. Several parasitic species are incriminated. Unhealthy living conditions and poor hygiene encourage endemicity and the perpetuation of transmission. The best way to combat this scourge is through prevention, hygiene and individual and collective awareness-raising.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Candidemia is a bloodstream fungal infection caused by Candida species, whether albicans or non-albicans. The aim of this article is to determine the epidemiological profile and spectrum of candidiasis. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted over a period of 3 years and 5 months, from February 2021 to July 2024, using computerized data from the parasitology-mycology laboratory of CHU Med VI. The study included 80 positive fungal blood cultures for Candida, submitted for mycological analysis, from hospitalized patients who underwent fungal blood culture. Results: Among the 80 fungal blood cultures recorded for candidemia, C. tropicalis was the most frequently isolated species in 35% of cases, followed by Candida parapsilosis (30%), Candida albicans (17.5%), Candida glabrata (10%), Candida krusei (5%), and Candida famata (2.5%). (Figure 1). The proportion of C. albicans versus non-albicans Candida was 17.5% vs 82.5%. Conclusion: Non-albicans Candida species are increasingly frequent, with the emergence of new species. Their varying susceptibility to antifungal agents makes species identification essential for patient management.

ABSTRACT
Dengue fever is a significant public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions, including Bangladesh, where it poses a substantial burden on healthcare systems due to its high incidence and potential complications. To assess the association between dengue severity and liver function in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This observational study included 130 dengue patients admitted between July and December 2023. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, dengue severity classification, and liver function tests (ALT, AST) were recorded. Statistical analyses, including chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, were performed to evaluate the association between dengue severity and hepatitis, with significance set at p < 0.05. The majority of patients were aged 21–30 years (40.0%) and 10–20 years (22.3%). Fever was present in all cases, with abdominal pain (46.2%), vomiting (47.7%), and diarrhea (44.6%) being common. Dengue with warning signs was the most frequent diagnosis (69.2%), followed by severe dengue (16.9%) and dengue without warning signs (13.8%). Elevated SGOT and SGPT levels were observed in 67.7% and 56.2% of patients, respectively. A significant association was found between dengue severity and elevated liver enzymes (p < 0.001). Dengue severity is strongly associated with elevated liver enzymes, suggesting a link between dengue infection and hepatitis. These findings highlight the importance of routine liver function monitoring in dengue patients for early detection and management of hepatic complications.

ABSTRACT
Cattle rearing, one of the main activities of the people of the North Cameroon Region, is limited by cryptosporidiosis, gastrointestinal disease of calves. A study was carried out in 458 calves from the North Cameroon Region during the period August 2022 to January 2023 to determine its prevalence, distribution, and risk factors. A total of 217/458 faecal samples were positive, giving an overall prevalence of 44.56%. This prevalence was significantly higher in the rainy season (59.18%) (p<0.001), and on diarrheic animals (51.44%) (p<0.001). The prevalence of infection is significantly higher in calves aged < 3 (69.28%) (p<0.001), on calves of semi-intensive (55.15%) and intensive (31.25%) farms (p<0.001). The prevalence varied significantly between 35.51% in Mayo-Rey and 53.84% in Mayo-Louti (p<0.05), and between 37.68% in calves from NEC= [3; 5] and 64.28% in those from BCN= [0; 1] (p<0.01). According to risk of infection, calves aged <3 months and 3-6 months were respectively 11.69 and 3.19 at risk to be infected (OR=11.694; p<0.001; OR=3.193; p<0.001 respectively). At the same time, the risk of infection is higher on diarrheic calves (OR=4.43; p<0.001), in the rainy season (OR=4.298; p<0.001), on calves of BCN= [0; 1] (OR=2.76; p<0.05), in the intensive system (OR=0.499; p<0.05). Cryptosporidiosis is present and very distributed among calves of this region. The disease could be a major animal and human health problem considering his impact and the zoonotic oocyst capacity of transmission.