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The article discusses about the virulent bacterium Shigella, its clinical manifestations, the related epidemiology, treatment options that includes both preventive & curative approaches. It also discusses the supportive therapy. The public health dimension of the Shigella bacterium is also dealt with. The article discusses the role that homoeopathic therapeutics can play in the absence of any treatment options to deal with the chronic cases. Homoeopathy can be a supportive therapy that can reduce not only the morbidity but also the fatality of Shigella cases due to all the strains. Homoeopathy has repeatedly proved its efficacy in chronic bowel diseases since the last two and half centuries.

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Migration is a fundamental demographic process with profound consequences for population health globally. Increasingly driven by economic inequality, conflict, environmental change, and social transformation, migration shapes the distribution of health risks and opportunities across populations. While migration can improve socioeconomic conditions, enhance access to services, and contribute to economic development, it also introduces complex vulnerabilities related to infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, mental health, maternal and child health, and occupational hazards. This paper provides an expanded examination of the multifaceted relationship between migration and health, analyzing underlying determinants, health system responses, and the lived experiences of migrants across different contexts. Drawing on contemporary scholarship and international frameworks, this review explores the health implications of migration in low-, middle-, and high-income countries, emphasizing structural drivers, health inequities, and the role of policy in shaping outcomes. The findings demonstrate that migrant health outcomes are shaped by interconnected social, political, and economic factors and require multisectoral and rights-based approaches to ensure equitable access to healthcare and protection of vulnerable populations. Drawing on evidence from global studies and country-specific experiences, including Nigeria, the European Union, and the United States, the article highlights key pathways through which migration influences population health. It concludes with recommendations for policy, health systems strengthening, and future research directions.

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Diabetes mellitus is a global health issue with numerous complications, and SGLT-2 inhibitors can slow kidney disease progression, reduce heart failure, and lower the risk of kidney failure and death in individuals with CKD. This study evaluated the impact of Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, specifically dapagliflozin and empagliflozin, on cardiovascular and renal health in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients at Benghazi Diabetes Center (BDC). The study involved 600 T2DM patients initiating dapagliflozin or empagliflozin, and collected data from interviews, structured questionnaires, and electronic medical records. After three months of treatment, the analysis showed significant improvements in glycemic control, weight management, blood pressure, and lipid profiles, reduced albuminuria, and improved estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and ejection fraction (EF). However, drug- and sex-specific nuances were revealed. Dapagliflozin showed numerically greater improvements in BP, postprandial glucose, lipid parameters, plasma urea, and albuminuria, while empagliflozin demonstrated numerically greater reductions in weight, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, and eGFR. Females showed greater reductions in PPG, weight, BMI, BP, and plasma urea, while males demonstrated more pronounced improvements in FPG, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, albuminuria, and EF. Combined SGLT2 inhibitor use with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin II receptor blockers did not show statistically significant differences in clinical parameters compared to SGLT2 inhibitor monotherapy. SGLT2 inhibitors show beneficial effects on cardiorenal and metabolic parameters in T2DM patients, with variations based on drug and sex, emphasizing personalized treatment plans and urging further research.

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Ewing sarcoma of the pelvis represents a challenging condition because of its aggressive nature and the complexity of achieving adequate oncological resection while preserving limb function. We report the case of a 20-year-old man diagnosed with a localized Ewing sarcoma involving the acetabulum and the periacetabular region. Following neoadjuvant chemotherapy according to the VDC-IE protocol, the patient underwent limb-salvage surgery consisting of an Enneking Type II–III pelvic resection and reconstruction using an iliofemoral stemmed acetabular prosthesis (ice-cream cone prosthesis). Histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed a poor histological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (Huvos grade I) and microscopic residual disease at the surgical margin (R1 resection). Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy were subsequently administered. The postoperative course was initially uneventful, with satisfactory early functional recovery. During follow-up, the patient developed a pelvic lymphocele, vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy, and bone metastases eight months after surgery. Despite further oncological management, the disease progressed, and the patient died 12 months postoperatively. This case highlights the feasibility of reconstruction with an ice-cream cone prosthesis following periacetabular resection while emphasizing the prognostic impact of poor histological response and inadequate surgical margins in pelvic Ewing sarcoma.

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Ectopic gallbladder (EGB) is a rare condition in which the gallbladder is located outside its normal anatomical position. Gallbladder duplication is an uncommon congenital anomaly, reported in approximately 1 in 4,000 individuals. Although usually asymptomatic, an unrecognized duplicated gallbladder may lead to significant complications, particularly when a second gallbladder is inadvertently left in situ following cholecystectomy. Ectopic gallbladders have been described in various abdominal locations, most commonly beneath the left hepatic lobe, intrahepatic, transverse, retrohepatic, retroperitoneal, within the lesser omentum, or embedded in the falciform ligament. We report the case of a 65-year-old woman who experienced recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and cholangitis for several years following a cholecystectomy performed in 2009. Multiple imaging investigations identified a cystic lesion within the right hepatic region. Interestingly, this lesion demonstrated an inconsistent appearance on liver magnetic resonance imaging, behaving as a “phantom cystic mass.” Surgical exploration, initially planned as a hepatic resection, revealed a cystic structure suggestive of a gallbladder located to the right of the falciform ligament and communicating with the left hepatic duct. Histopathological examination confirmed a true duplicated gallbladder. This finding explained both the patient's recurrent paroxysmal abdominal pain and the intermittent visualization of the cystic lesion on MRI, likely resulting from cyclical filling and emptying of the ectopic gallbladder. To our knowledge, this case describes a previously unreported clinicoradiological entity, for which we propose the term Khenchoul's syndrome, defined as an ectopic gallbladder located to the right of the falciform ligament. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges associated with gallbladder duplication after cholecystectomy and emphasizes the importance of meticulous intraoperative assessment and h

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The childhood memory of the lead author tells the readers that in summers the tree gives ‘Ice Apple’ (‘Tal Saj’ in Odia language meaning the ‘Tall Tree’ & ‘Fresh’). Further, as the rainy season approaches, the fruit ripens & when the pulp is mixed with jiggery & the resulted dough is deep fried to get ball shaped soft and tender structures that come as a nutritious delicacy that is full of fiber. Further, when the discarded seeds germinate in the open, another delicacy comes out inside the germinated seed when the hard nut is split open. The current article primarily focuses on the nutritional and medicinal uses of the tree and its fruit while touching upon other benefits as well. Among the medicinal uses, it focuses on the homoeopathic use of the tree in homoeopathic therapeutics. There is a huge opportunity to include the medicine ‘Borassus Flabellifer’ in homoeopathic therapeutics so that people can benefit from the clinically effective, cost effective & zero side effects of this medicine.

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