ABSTRACT
Cocoa productivity is constrained by several challenges, including aging cocoa trees, limited availability of improved planting materials, pest and disease infestations, and the effects of climate change. The genetic diversity present among cocoa clones is therefore essential for developing superior hybrid cultivars that can address these issues and contribute to sustainable production. This study assessed the genetic diversity of forty cocoa clones established in an existing germplasm plot at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan, using a randomized complete block design with six replications. Seven quantitative pod traits were evaluated and analyzed statistically. Significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed among the forty clones for all traits measured. The clones exhibited wide variation in pod weight (203.33–837.67 g), number of beans per pod (33.67–56.67), bean weight per pod (52.50–174.00 g), pod length (12.17–27.70 cm), pod width (6.07–9.00 cm), pod thickness (0.5–1.87 cm), and hundred dry bean weight (58.00–154.00 g). Yield-related traits showed strong positive correlations with one another (P < 0.001). The first three principal component axes accounted for 76.2% of the total variation, and cluster analysis grouped the clones into five distinct categories. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, along with high heritability and genetic advance, were recorded for pod weight, bean weight per pod, and hundred dry bean weight, while number of beans per pod and pod length exhibited high heritability with moderate genetic advance. These traits can therefore serve as key selection criteria in cocoa breeding programs.

ABSTRACT
This study aimed at assessing biometric, thermo-physiology and blood profile of Noiler birds under intensive management in Lafia. The study was conducted at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm of the Livestock Complex of College of Agriculture, Science and Technology Lafia, Nasarawa State. A total of one hundred (100) Noiler birds of equal number of both sexes at six weeks of age were procured from the brood and sales farmers of reputable Poultry Farms in Jos, Plateau State Nigeria. Body weight, six biometric traits and thermo-physiological traits were measured on the birds on four-weekly basis for six (6) months (January 2025 – June 2025). 2ml of blood samples were taken from the jugular veins of ten (10) birds for blood profile analysis. The General Linear Model was adopted for the analysis. Body weight and biometric traits of the male birds were higher (P<0.05) than their female counterparts. Female birds recorded higher (P<0.05) rectal temperature and respiratory rate as well as white blood cell and mean corpuscular volume than their male counterparts. Male birds recorded higher (P<0.05) low density lipoprotein than their female counterparts. The highest (P<0.01) significant positive correlation for male and female birds were observed between body weight vs breast circumference (r = 0.894) and total leg length vs foot length (r = 0.773. Prediction of body weight was at the optimal ages of 28.85 and 29.50 weeks for male and female birds. The findings of this study would provide an understanding of sexual differences in terms of meat production, adaptation as well as the well- being of the birds.

ABSTRACT
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming an important health problem worldwide. Since genetic risk factor is implicated in CKD development, this study aimed at assessing association of eNOS gene polymorphism and chronic kidney disease in Maiduguri. One hundred and forty (140) CKD patients and 70 apparently healthy controls participated in this study. Five milliliters (5ml) of whole blood were taken from each participant and sent to genetic laboratory. DNA was extracted from whole blood samples using GDSBio Blood Genomic DNA extraction kits. Then PCR and Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed to genotype Glu298 ASP, VNTR in intron4 and T786C variant of eNOS gene using special primers for three genes. In this study CKD patients had an average age of 49.51±16.7 years compared to 45.65±16.70 years for controls. Also 82 (58.57%) of CKD patients were hypertensive as compared to 26 (37.14%) control subjects. This study demonstrated significant association between eNOS gene polymorphism Glu298 ASP (P=0.000), VNTR in intron4 (P=0.000), T786C (P=0.005) and CKD. The study found significant associations between eNOS gene polymorphisms and CKD. These findings may guide clinical interventions aimed at slowing CKD progression, including the management of genetic risk factors.

ABSTRACT
Background: Among different histological staining methods for Helicobacter pylori, the Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining method is commonly used in most clinical laboratories. Rubia cordifolia, a herbaceous climber, commonly known as the Madder plant is well known for its colour which is commercially exploited in the textile industry. In this study, we explored whether this colouring agent can be utilized for staining H. pylori in histological sections. Methods: At first, we studied the nature and intensity of the Rubia root extract with different solvents and mordants. Then we observed that an excellent orange-yellow colour was developed when acetic acid was mixed with ethanol extract of the root powder. Results: A combined Haematoxylin and this extract not only stained H. pylori in an excellent way, but also revealed hidden bacteria in gastric pits and mucus very easily. Conclusion: A combined haemaxylin and Rubia (H&R) stain appear ideal for the demonstration of H. pylori in histological sections.

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to estimate the antifungal properties of a lesser-known plant Phyllodium longipes, renowned for its traditional medicinal values. Plant extract prepared using ethanol was tested against common fungal pathogens and in presence of antifungal activities the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined to study the effectiveness of the extract. The rise of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) fungal strains is causing major concerns among researchers and clinicians, as the antifungals are not very effective against MDR strains. The research will particularly focus on the plant’s antifungal activity against MDR strains.

ABSTRACT
Background: Malaria is one of the most prevalent public health problems worldwide. Globally, nearly half the world’s population remains at risk of malaria transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito vector. Chemical insecticides used to control the malaria vector are toxic and cause environmental deprivation. Therefore, safe, environmentally friendly, and effective alternative methods are needed to control malaria vectors. The study objective was to isolate and characterize Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) strains and evaluate their insecticidal activity against malaria vectors. Methods: Soil samples were collected from different sites in Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Serial dilution was conducted in normal saline; Cutured Coommasie Brilliant Blue staining was performed. BT strains were isolated and characterized based on morphological, microscopic parasporal crystal staining, and biochemical characteristics. Toxicity was assessed by bioassay against Anopheles mosquito larvae. Results/Discussion: Thirteen isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis were identified and characterized based on their morphological, microscopic parasporal crystal staining, and biochemical characteristics. From resuts found that some of the BT strains were 75% effective and while others demonstrate 100% larvicidal potential similar with the reference strain Bti and better than Btk NCIM 2514 within 24 hrs. Conclusions: Five Bacillus thuringiensis isolates showed significantly higher larvicidal efficacy against Anopheles mosquito larvae. Among them, three isolates were promising candidates for future applications in mosquito biocontrol.

ABSTRACT
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder with no known cure, primarily characterized by hypotonia, feeding difficulties, intellectual disabilities, and behavioral abnormalities. Conventional medical treatments focus on symptom management through hormonal therapy and strict dietary control, yet the root cause remains unaddressed. This study explores an alternative approach based on the Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door, demonstrating the effectiveness of spiritual practices in alleviating symptoms of PWS. By applying the Five Golden Buddhist Practices, significant improvements were observed in motor skills, cognitive function, and overall well-being. These findings suggest that PWS is not solely a genetic condition but also a manifestation of karmic retribution and spirit occupation. This case study provides compelling evidence that Dharma practices can complement conventional treatments, offering new hope for those affected by PWS.