ABSTRACT
وممّا قرّره النقاد أنّ المعاني لا تتجاوز أن تكون أساسا فى حقائق العلوم والمعارف الإنسانية، إذ أنّها لا يمكن أن تكون أساس الشعر وغايته، بل لا بدّ أن يصوغها الشاعر صياغة جديدة تظهر فيها براعته وقوّة تخيّله ودقّة فنّه وصدق إحساسه. وهذه الصياغة هي ما يعبّر عنه النّقاد بالصنعة الشعرية. فالشعر إذن ليس "موضوعا" فحسب وليس "شكلا" فقط، إنّما هو عامة يتلبس فيها الشكل بالموضوع ويلتحمان فى إطار هو الشعر نفسه بحيث لا يمكننا إدراك ما فيه من جمال إلاّ إذا كان على تلك الحالة تماما، كما لا نستطيع أن ندرك جمال غروب الشمس بعيدا عن الأفق ولونها عند الغروب وتلك المؤثّرات المختلفة التى تحيط بالمنظر كلّه. وعلى هذا الأساس عقد الباحثان هذا المقال معتمدين على المنهج التحليلي، للوقوف على شكل قصيدة الشاعر عبد القادر النونية من حيث المحسنات البديعية اللفظية والمعنوية التي تبرز لنا مدى إبداع الشاعر الفني في القصيدة. ويتكون المقال من المباحث التالية: نبذة تاريخية عن حياة الشاعر - عرض القصيدة – المحسنات البديعية في القصيدة – الموسيقى الخارجية في القصيدة - الخاتمة - قائمة الهوامش والمراجع.

ABSTRACT
Cette contribution décrit l’impolitesse et la violence verbales dans les débats télévisés francophones au Cameroun. L’objectif est de scruter les stratégies discursives qui alimentent la conflictualité dans ce genre interactionnel compétitif et axé sur l’agôn. Les données empiriques sont constituées d'interactions verbales impliquant des personnalités publiques camerounaises ; elles ont été extraites de la plateforme YouTube. Les résultats des analyses mettent en évidence les évènements déclencheurs de tension, les diverses formes d’impolitesse (sarcasme, polirudesse, invective, ironie) et les stratégies de la mise en mort symbolique de l’adversaire. L’étude souligne que les interactions verbales observées dans les débats télévisés au Cameroun sont révélatrices des dynamiques relationnelles, sociopolitiques et identitaires.

ABSTRACT
Scientific competence is essential in preschool education as it fosters foundational thinking and problem-solving skills, paving the way for children’s engagement with STEM fields. Young children are naturally inquisitive, and early exposure to scientific thinking helps nurture observation, questioning, and experimentation abilities. However, many current preschool curricula, including in Vietnam, lack a clear framework for developing and assessing scientific competence. This study proposes a conceptual framework to integrate science education systematically into preschool programs. Using literature review, content analysis, and the Delphi method, the study identifies five core components of scientific competence: critical thinking, experimental thinking, observation skills, questioning skills, and problem-solving. These elements reflect key scientific abilities children can acquire through exploration and guided activities. The proposed framework offers practical tools for teachers to design and evaluate science-based learning. Future studies should implement this framework in real classroom settings to assess its effectiveness and refine it for better applicability in Vietnam’s preschool context.

ABSTRACT
Wajifunzaji wa lugha ya pili hufanya dosari mbalimbali za kiisimu katika ujifunzaji wao. Tafiti mbalimbali kuhusu suala hili zinaonesha kuwa dosari katika ujifunzaji wa lugha ya pili au lugha ya kigeni hutokea kama athari za lugha za kwanza za wajifunzaji. Mwandishi wa makala haya alikisia kuwa dosari zinazofanywa na wajifunzaji wa Kiswahili hazitokani na athari za lugha za kwanza pekee, bali kuna masuala mengine yanayowasababishia wajifunzaji kufanya dosari katika ujifunzaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya pili. Hali hii ndiyo iliyochochea raghba ya kufanyika kwa utafiti huu unaohusu dosari za kimofosintaksia zinazofanywa na wajifunzaji wa Kiswahili katika shule za sekondari nchini Uganda. Makala haya ni sehemu ya tasnifu ya uzamivu ya mwandishi wa makala. Data ya utafiti uliozaa makakala haya ilikusanywa kwa kutumia uchambuzi matini pamoja na ushuhudiaji. Uchanganuzi wa data uliongozwa na Nadharia ya Usasanyuzi Dosari iliyoasisiwa na Corder (1967). Matokeo ya uchambuzi wa data yamebainisha kuwa wajifunzaji wa Kiswahili katika shule za sekondari nchini Uganda hufanya dosari mbalimbali za kimofosintaksia. Dosari hizo ni pamoja na matumizi yasiyo sahihi ya vipatanishi vya kisarufi, matumizi yasiyo sahihi ya viambishi, vielezi, virejeshi, vivumishi, kuchanganya njeo, utohozi usiofaa pamoja na kutokukanusha kwa usahihi.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: Makala hii inahusu ubainishaji wa maswali ya balagha kwa kuzingatia viashiria vya kimofolojia katika mazungumzo ya Kiswahili. Maswali ya balagha ni maswali yasiyohitaji majibu yenye lengo la kufikisha ujumbe kwa wahusika. Maswali haya hutumika kama mbadala wa kauli mbalimbali. Ili kupata kile kilichokusudiwa, maswali haya hayana budi kubainishwa. Suala la ubainishaji wa maswali ya balagha hutofautiana kulingana na lugha. Kwa kuwa suala la ubainishaji wa maswali ya balagha katika Kiswahili haliko bayana, makala hii inalenga kutoa maarifa hayo kwa kuonesha viashiria vya kimofolojia vinavyotumika kubainisha maswali ya balagha katika mazungumzo ya Kiswahili. Data za Makala hii zilipatikana kutoka katika mazungumzo ya kwenye vibanda vya mpira, mamantilie na vijiwe vya bodaboda kutoka mikoa ya Dar es Salaam na Mbeya. Mbinu ya ushuhudiaji wa kushiriki ilitumika kukusanya data. Aidha, uchambuzi wa data umefanywa kwa kutumia mkabala wa maelezo. Nadharia ya Tendo-uneni ya Searle (1979) imetumika katika ukusanyaji na uchambuzi wa data za Makala hii. Matokeo yanaonesha kuwa katika mazungumzo ya Kiswahili, maswali ya balagha huweza kuashiriwa na viashiria vya kimofolojia. Kuna viashiria kama vialami pragmatiki, viunganishi na vitenzi ambavyo huukilia fasiri ya kibalagha. Makala hii inabainisha kuwa pamoja na kwamba kuna viashiria vya kimofolojia, bado muktadha wa mazungumzo ndio unaovifanya vipate nguvu ya kubainisha maswali ya balagha. Makala hii inapendekeza tafiti nyingine zifanyike katika miktadha tofautitofauti ili kuendelea kuweka bayana suala la ubainishaji wa maswali ya balagha katika Kiswahili kwa ajili ya kujenga maarifa ya kisemantiki na kipragmatiki.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: This article, titled “The Phenomenon of Clarity and Ambiguity in the Poetry of Prophetic Praise: A Comparative and Critical Study between Hamid Mahmud Ibrahim Alhijiry and Muhammad Jamilu Sadisu”, conducts a comparative and critical analysis of the prophetic praise poetry of the two poets. Drawing on the Arabic critical theory of Clarity and Ambiguity, the study identifies elements of excellence in their poetic expression. The article begins with an introduction that outlines the aims, significance, research problem, and methodology. It then provides a brief overview of the poets' biographies, examines the literal and technical meanings of Clarity and Ambiguity within the framework of Arabic literary criticism, and discusses the importance of applying this theory to literary analysis. A comparative analysis of selected prophetic eulogies by both poets follows. The study adopts an analytical approach, and the findings reveal that both poets demonstrate equal proficiency in the use of clear diction, sentence structure, and rhetorical imagery.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: This paper aimed to examine the psychology of ethnic minority in The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. It specifically analyzed key incidents that reveal how entrenched power structures enforce a singular narrative of health and illness, often disregarding the Hmong perspective rooted in their cultural beliefs and practices. Furthermore, it discussed the implications of these disparities on the psychological well-being of the family, illustrating how their identity and lived experiences shape their interactions within a predominantly Western framework. The descriptive method was used, and the analysis was based on the Critical Race Theory (CRT). The findings unveiled the systemic racism and cultural barriers that contribute to the miscommunication and mistrust between the Hmong family and medical professionals. Besides, the study recommended recognizing diverse cultural narratives in healthcare to promote equity and understanding, suggesting that a more inclusive approach can bridge the gap between differing worldviews, thereby improving patient outcomes for minority communities.