ABSTRACT
Background to the study: Nicotine, which is the most abundant constituent of tobacco cigarette is one of the most commonly abused drugs. The duo of obesity and tobacco smoking increases the risk of cardiometabolic disorders. Methodology: The experiment involved 48 male wistar rats separated into 4 groups of 8 rats each. All the animals were placed on high-fat diet (Margarine; blue band) in addition to the different doses of nicotine in the experimental groups. Group 1 served as control and received distilled water, Groups 2, 3 and 4 received 200µg/kg, 400µg/kg and 800µg/kg of nicotine oral solution respectively. The experimental groups were placed on their respective doses of nicotine solution for an initial four weeks. Thereafter, four animals in each group were sacrificed and blood samples collected to determine their nicotine exposure plasma levels of glucose, insulin and glycated hemoglobin. The remaining four animals in each group continued without nicotine for another four weeks after which they were sacrificed and blood samples collected to determine their nicotine withdrawal plasma levels of glucose, insulin and glycated hemoglobin. Results: The results showed that exposure to the three concentrations of nicotine (200, 400 and 800µg/kg respectively) significantly caused a rise in plasma insulin levels but dose-dependent reduction in both glucose and glycated haemoglobin compared to their control groups. Four weeks after withdrawal of initial 200µg/kg nicotine there were no significant changes in the levels of plasma glucose, insulin and glycated haemoglobin compared to the nicotine exposed groups. Withdrawal, after initial exposure to 400µg/kg of nicotine was associated with significant rise in both the plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin but no significant change in insulin compared to their respective nicotine exposed groups. Cessation, after initial exposure 800µg/kg of nicotine resulted in significant rise in plasma levels of glucose, ..........

ABSTRACT
With the recent advancement in the field of artificial intelligence [AI] many path breaking innovations have come up in various specialties of medical sciences. There are numerous possibilities and usages of AI in the field of dentistry. AI is being already used in field of prosthodontics and dental implantology. The future of AI in prosthodontics and dental implants is ever developing. AI-powered tools have the potential to revolutionize the way these procedures are performed, and to improve the quality of care that dentists can provide to their patients. Some of the potential benefits of AI in prosthodontics and dental implants include improved accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis and treatment planning.

ABSTRACT
Background: Exposure to microorganisms could be caused infectious diseases but some exposures were not caused disease in normal situation. Objective of this study was to determine the health effects of biological hazards in low to moderate concentration. Methods: It was a study. The people who were employed in different industries were participated in this study. Groups were followed for infections in skin, respiratory, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal, urinary and etc. symptoms and signs. These groups were exposed to biological hazards; according to working sections, 3 groups were participated: working section A, working section B and working section C. Symptoms and signs were determined. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16. ANOVA, Chi-2, Exact test and relative risks with considering P<0.05 as significant level. Results: Working section B, had the most microorganisms; in air: 5.01±0.01 CFU on surface: 10.15±0.01 CFU. Infection in skin, respiratory, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal, urinary and etc symptoms and sign were determined. Skin, gastrointestinal, urinary and etc were the most in group B and relative risks were shown significant risks. Relative risks for skin infection were 1.80(1.12-3.15). Conclusions: Even in normal situation microorganism in workplace could be caused many infection diseases and prevention was necessary.

ABSTRACT
Background: Sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents are fundamental for the prevention and control of sexual and reproductive health problems. The sexual and reproductive health services play a critical role in enhancement of adolescent’s health generally. However, children living on the streets are ill-placed to draw benefit from such services. The main purpose of this study was to assess streets children’s awareness, perceptions, needs and barriers in accessing sexual and reproductive health in Lusaka district. Methods: A qualitative approach was adopted for this study. Snow ball sampling was used to identify and collect data from a total of 61 children living on the streets in Lusaka Central Business District. Instruments for data collection consisted of interview schedules used to collect data from children living on the streets as well as Key informant interviews with adolescent health focal point persons from health facilities. All data collection instruments were pre-tested. Data analysis was done using categorization. Results: A total of 61 participants were interviewed among them males constituting (70.49 per cent) per cent while females constituted (29.51 per cent). The majority (59.01per cent) reported that they were not aware of what sexual and reproductive health was. A majority (81.96 per cent) of respondents were aware of at least more than one sexual and reproductive health service with condoms being reported by (68.95 per cent) of respondents. The study also found that the majority (83.6 per cent) of respondents reported awareness on where to access sexual and reproductive health services. The study also showed that the majority (60.65 per cent) reported as perceiving sexual and reproductive health as important to them. Additionally, (68.85 per cent) of respondents reported that condoms are the sexual and reproductive health service they needed. The study showed that (77.04 per cent) of respondents were sexually active and out of ...

ABSTRACT
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is defined as an anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells by antibodies directed against the patient's own red blood cell surface antigens. Different forms of AIHA are distinguished based on the characteristics of the antibody responsible for the disease. The most common form (70% of cases) is warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia. These antibodies become active at temperatures between 35°C and 40°C. This type of hemolysis occurs mainly within tissues, particularly in the spleen. The diagnosis of AIHA relies on rigorous interpretation of immunohematological parameters, as well as additional tests to exclude associated diseases. In "idiopathic" cases, it is recommended to continue monitoring elderly patients beyond remission to detect the possible occurrence of lymphoma or myelodysplastic syndrome. Corticosteroid therapy is the standard treatment, but it can lead to numerous side effects. The efficacy of rituximab appears particularly promising in "refractory" forms of AIHA, and its use in the early phase of management to spare corticosteroid therapy should be evaluated in a prospective and randomized study.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Understanding the dietary habits and lifestyle choices of secondary school-going students is crucial for developing targeted health interventions. This study aims to analyze these aspects among secondary school-going students in Dhaka, Bangladesh, focusing on dietary preferences, physical activity, screen time, and sleep patterns. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study involved 600 secondary school students in Dhaka. Data were collected through structured questionnaires by assessing age, gender, BMI, dietary habits, meal frequency, water intake, fruit and vegetable consumption, fast-food and sweets intake, breakfast habits, physical activity, screen time, sleep patterns, self-perceived health status, and chronic health conditions. Bivariate correlations were analyzed to understand the relationships between these variables. Result: The majority of participants were 15 years old (37.83%), with more females (61.33%) than males. Most students were in grade 10 (77.67%), and the predominant BMI category was normal (54.67%). Dietary preferences showed a preference for a mixed diet (56.17%). Regular fruit and vegetable consumption was reported by 34.00% and 59.83% of students, respectively. High rates of fast food (23.00% regularly) and sweets (33.00% regularly) consumption were observed. Breakfast was often skipped by 15.50% of participants. Physical activity levels indicated that 45.33% engaged in physical training, but 19.67% were not involved in any sports. The average screen time was 2.42 hours, and the mean sleep time was 7.02 hours. Most students rated their health as good (61.17%), and 95.17% had no known chronic health conditions. Conclusion: The study highlights a mix of healthy and unhealthy dietary and lifestyle patterns among secondary school students in Dhaka. While there is a reasonable intake of fruits and vegetables, the prevalence of fast food and sweets consumption, combined with suboptimal breakfast habits and physical ..........

ABSTRACT
Background: Cancer is the leading cause of death and a major contributor to reduced life expectancy in every country on Earth [1]. Cervical cancer (CC) is a serious global health concern that is more common in developing countries, especially those on the Indian subcontinent. More and more women are suffering from CC. Cervical cancer is mostly caused by the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted virus that is one of the most common illnesses of the reproductive system. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of HPV genotype among colposcopy diagnosed cervical precancerous lesions. Methods: The cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Gynecological Oncology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, from July 2021 to June 2022. A total of 132 subjects were included in the study. Data were collected by face-to-face interview and analyzed by appropriate computer based programmed software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 24. Results: In this study, the mean age was found to be 36.7±6.3 years, with a range from 31 to 60 years, the majority 53 (40.2%) of patients completed SSC and 118 (89.4%) were housewives and 125(94.7%) were Muslims. In this study most of the patients 101 (76.5%) came from middle-income families. About 45 (34.1%) patients were married between the ages of 15-17 years, 45 (34.1%) were between 16-18 years during their first delivery and 56 (42.4%) had 3-4 children. Most of the patients 92(69.7%) had history of received OCP. About 10(7.0%) patients were found HPV 16 positive followed by 1(0.7%) HPV 18, 3(2.1%) other HR-HPV, 3(2.1%) HPV 16 & other HR-HPV and 1(0.7%) HPV 16-HPV 18 & other HR-HPV. Most of the 95 (72.0%) patients had CIN I, 30 (22.7%) had CIN II and 7 (5.3%) had CIN III identification by colposcopy reports. In this study 59 (44.7%) patients had CIN I followed by 13 (9.8%) had CIN II, 9 (6.8%) had CIN III, 5 (3.8%) had CIS and 46 (34.8%) ..