ABSTRACT
Pesticides are indispensable for safeguarding agricultural production, yet their application presents a multifaceted challenge to ecosystem integrity and sustainable pest management. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the primary ecological and agronomic consequences stemming from pesticide use, with a focus on unintended impacts. A central concern is the disruption of biological control services, as pesticides inflict lethal and sublethal effects on natural enemies, including predators and parasitoids. These effects compromise vital behaviors, physiological functions, and demographic parameters, thereby diminishing their regulatory efficacy and potentially inducing pest resurgence. Furthermore, pollinators face significant risk from systemic and contact exposure, which impairs navigation, learning, colony communication, and reproduction, threatening both biodiversity and crop pollination. Concurrently, the intensive selection pressure exerted by pesticides drives the evolution of resistant pest populations, undermining chemical control and complicating integrated pest management strategies. Compounding these issues, pesticide drift facilitates the off-target deposition of active ingredients, leading to the contamination of adjacent ecosystems and aquatic networks, which in turn affects non-target organisms and broader ecological processes. The evidence underscores that the ecological costs of pesticides extend beyond acute toxicity. Sublethal impairments to beneficial species and the evolution of resistance represent critical, long-term threats to agricultural resilience. Consequently, advancing IPM requires a concerted shift towards selective chemistries, refined application technologies, and the prioritization of non-chemical tactics to mitigate these pervasive impacts and preserve ecosystem functionality.

ABSTRACT
Hepatic fasciolosis is a gastrointestinal helminthiasis caused by a parasite of the genus Fasciola that severely impacts the health of animals and humans, and for which direct diagnosis remains ineffective. The study was conducted from January to July 2023 on 400 cattle from municipal slaughterhouses in the city of Ngaoundere to determine the effectiveness of screening for bovine fascioliasis using the Mini-FLOTAC test. The results showed a prevalence of 25.25% in the Mini-FLOTAC test, which is significantly lower (p<0.001) than that obtained in bile examination (67%), liver autopsy (46.50%) and coprology (30.75%). The parasite densities of infested animals, which vary significantly between 10.72±1.6 flukes for liver autopsy and 688.6±10.7 eggs for bile examination (F=101.751; ddl=3; p=0.002), show no significant difference between that obtained in faecal sedimentation (254) and in the Mini-FLOTAC test (11.82) (p>0.05). Infestation levels varied between 1.8% and 79.8% for sedimentation coprology, 9.5% and 90.5% for Mini-FLOTAC flotation coprology, 3.2% and 78% for liver autopsy, and 5.8% and 50.8% for bile examination are significantly low (p>0.05). The sensitivity of coprology using the Mini-FLOTAC test, estimated at 37.68%, is significantly lower than that of coprology using sedimentation (45.89%) (p<0.05). The Mini-FLOTAC test is therefore less sensitive for screening for fasciolosis than sedimentation coprology.

ABSTRACT
Chicken coccidiosis is a protozoan disease that significantly impacts poultry globally. The disease is caused by Eimeria species, which causes intestinal damage leading to reduced growth, diarrhea, and death in severe cases. Control strategy includes the use of anticoccidial drugs, vaccination, and good biosecurity. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kikuyu Sub-County, Kiambu County, Kenya, from 28th October, 2021, to 8th November,2021, to assess the farmers’ knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) on chicken coccidiosis and collect fecal samples for estimation of prevalence, intensity of infections, and speciation Eimeria species involved. Additionally, a trial was undertaken to test the efficacy of commercial anticoccidials drug in the market. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess farmers’ KAP. Modified McMaster technique was used to analyze fecal samples for oocyst per gram (opg) of feces and positive fecal samples were cultured and sporulated oocyst examined microscopically to identify and characterize probable Eimeria species. One hundred- and twenty-five-day old chicks were acclimatized for 13 days then randomly assigned into five treatment groups; amprolium (GA3), toltrazuril (GT4), sulphachloropyrazine (GS5), negative (GN1) and positive (GP2) controls. After 24-hour of starvation, each chick in GA3, GT4, GS5 and GP2 was orally inoculated with 3.0 x 105 sporulated oocysts. Anticoccidial treatments based on the manufacturers’ recommended dosage commenced when birds showed clinical signs typical of coccidiosis. Effects of treatment was monitored for 5 days through clinical observations and fecal oocyst counts. Experiment was terminated 10th day post infection (dpi). Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics, and one way ANOVA. A total of 48 farms; 10 in Sigona, 10 in Karai, 10 in Nachu, 10 in Kikuyu and 8 in Kinoo wards were used in the study.

ABSTRACT
Cotton cultivation in Cameroun is characterized by low yields due to soil infertility and pest infestation. Sustainable improvement requires the use of mycorrhizae combined with aqueous extracts from Hyptis suaveolens and Cyperus rotundus rhizomes. The experimental design used is 7×2×2 split-plot with to factors and seven treatments: (control (Te-); chemical input (Te+); H. suaveolens (H); C. rotundus (C); mycorrhizae (M); two combinations: mycorrhizae-H. suaveolens (M+H) and mycorrhizae-C. rotundus (M+C); two varieties (Q302 and L457) and two localities (Kodek and Mouda). The treatments M+H, M+C, mycorrhizae (M), aqueous extracts of H. suaveolens and C. rotundus (C) improved cotton yield by 30,91; 29,66; 26,34; 9,96 and 7,01 % respectively compared to the Te- treatment. Similarly, the Te+, M+H, M+C, mycorrhizae (M), H. suaveolens extract (H) and C. rotundus extract (C) treatment improved cotton seed yield by 26,14; 26,67; 22,25; 18,04; 14,84 and 10,08 % compared to the Te- treatment. Overall, there were no significant differences between plots treated with the combination of mycorrhizae and aqueous extracts of H. suaveolens or C. rotundus could be an alternative to the use of chemical inputs in order to improve cotton productivity in the Far North Region of Cameroon while ensuring sustainable agriculture.

ABSTRACT
Processing fresh mangoes into value-added products is considered an effective strategy to enhance their economic worth, as processed products generally command higher market prices than fresh fruit. This study aims to analyze the added value and profitability of mango dodol and mango syrup using the Hayami Method, as well as to assess their contribution to the income of small-scale processors. The research was conducted at UMKM ASBORO in Putridalem Village, selected purposively as a representative mango-processing enterprise. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed, focusing on the calculation of raw material costs, labor use, and additional input expenditures. The findings show that mango dodol generates an added value of Rp22,967/kg (55.88%), while mango syrup yields a higher added value of Rp64,834/kg (36.05%). The contribution of added value reaches 400% for dodol and 937.5% for syrup, indicating that income from processed products is 4 to 9 times higher than income from selling fresh mangoes. These results demonstrate the substantial economic potential of mango-based agroindustry in increasing processor income and strengthening local economic development.

ABSTRACT
This study aims to evaluate the physical quality and total bacterial count of quail meat as a function of immersion duration and garlic juice marination level. This study was conducted experimentally using a Completely Randomized Design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. The first treatment factor was immersion duration, with three levels: 10, 20, and 30 minutes (L1, L2, and L3). Furthermore, the second treatment factor consisted of three marination levels (5%, 15%, and 25% (M1, M2, and M3) and each treatment combination was repeated three times. The variables measured include: pH, water content, Water Holding Capacity (WHC), and total number of bacteria. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) and then subjected to Tukey's test at a 95% confidence level. The results showed an interaction (p<0.05) between the immersion factor and the marination level of quail meat with garlic juice across all observed variables, except pH (p>0.05). In addition, both the immersion duration factor and the marination level independently had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the observed variables. The highest total number of bacteria was observed in the L1M3 treatment combination, with 0.82 Colony Forming Units per gram. Meanwhile, for the best WHC, water content, and pH of meat after marinating, the combination of L3M3, L1M3, and L2M3 treatments yielded 55.28%, 70.15%, and 5.57, respectively. It can be concluded that all variables in normal conditions, and the lowest total number of bacteria, served as the reference for the best treatment combination, namely 10 minutes of immersion and 25% marination (L1M3).

ABSTRACT
Flood disasters in developing countries are not solely driven by climate change but are often intensified by poorly planned infrastructure and weak water governance. This paper explores how infrastructural systems, originally designed to enable development, have exacerbated flooding in Pakistan and Nigeria’. Drawing on academic literature, government reports, and disaster assessments, the study analyzes three major events; Pakistan’s 2010 and 2022 floods and Nigeria’s 2022 flood to evaluate the paradox of progress where infrastructure becomes a source of vulnerability. In Pakistan, the canal irrigation network established in the 1840s and later expanded under the Indus Basin Development Programme disrupted natural river dynamics, contributing to over 1,700 deaths and the displacement of nearly 8 million people in 2022. In Nigeria, downstream flooding linked to water releases from Cameroon’s Lagdo Dam caused over 500 deaths, displaced approximately 790,000 people, and affected more than 1.4 million nationwide. Findings reveal that mismanaged infrastructure through levee breaching, sediment buildup, insufficient maintenance, and poor alignment with natural hydrology transforms manageable rainfall into humanitarian disasters. The paper recommends hydrologically sensitive infrastructure design, wetland and mangrove conservation, equitable land-use enforcement, and basin-wide water governance.