ABSTRACT
Artisanal Gold Mining has gained popularity as a source of livelihood for more than 13 million people in the developing world. However, it is characterized with massive land destructions posing a threat to food security. Despite this, many scholarly works on AGM have focused on its influence on livelihoods on a general perspective. There is need to narrow the scope of generalization and zero in on specific AGM parameters such as; acreage of land under AGM and asses its influence on maize crop yields. Ikolomani Sub County is endowed with high amounts of rainfall and fertile soils. Despite this, it has a food poverty index of 47% in comparison to the national food poverty rate of 45%. Notwithstanding the fact that, it has 500 households engaging in AGM on their farming land. Therefore this study focused on the influence of acreage of land under AGM on maize crop yields. A cross-sectional descriptive research design involving purposive, systematic, and random sampling was employed. A minimum sample size of 384 households was drawn from a study population of 500 households of farmers who engage in AGM. The results show that about 53.8 % (r =0.538, p < 0.05) of the variation of maize crop yields can be explained by acreage of land under AGM. That arable land in Ikolomani is greatly degraded, compacted and occupied by AGM activities subsequently resulting to low maize crop yields. It can be recommended that enhanced control and management of AGM activities in Ikolomani Sub County could help mitigate against chances of decrease in the acreage of arable land and subsequent low maize crop yields.

ABSTRACT
Reduction of damages, retention of quality of fresh horticultural produce as well as protection against mechanical damages is due to proper packaging. The study aimed at assessing perceptions of smallholder farmers on influence of packaging postharvest handling technologies on quality of tomatoes in the counties of Kisii and Nyamira. The study objective was to assess perceptions of smallholder farmers on influence of postharvest handling methods of packaging on quality of tomatoes in Kisii and Nyamira Counties. The research used descriptive survey research design, multistage sampling technique, purposive sampling to sample counties of Kisii and Nyamira, simple random sampling to sample three sub counties of Kisii Central, Bomachoge Borabu and Borabu Sub Counties. A total of 168 registered smallholder farmers from a target population of 1001 were sampled. Extension officers from Kisii Central, Kenyenya and Borabu were contacted and informed on the purpose of the interview, importance of data in research and the need to respond truthfully to ensure that data collected is reliable. The semi-structured questionnaire was administered to smallholder tomato farmers. Descriptive statistics was analyzed in the form of percentages, means and standard deviation and presented in the form of tables and charts. Inferential statistics was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20 software. Pearson’s Correlation was used to show the relationships between the variables of dependent and independent with results revealing that methods of packaging had weak positive influence on postharvest quality of tomatoes (r=.286, p<.05). Therefore, necessity to sensitize smallholder farmers on principles of proper packaging of tomato for quality delivery to the market.

ABSTRACT
Beet root (Beta vulgaris) is a rich source of Antioxidant and minerals including sodium, potassium, iron and magnesium. Beet root are low in calories value (about 45Kcal per 100g) and zero cholesterol. Food colour is the most important parameters improve food quality to a significant level. Beet root has several medicinal properties such as anti-hypertensive, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, anti-cancer and diuretic. This study was conducted to improve the use of natural colorants in food and food products and also improve the nutritional quality of food. The chemical analysis of these study showed beet root have a phytochemical property. The present study was designed to evaluate phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of beet root and to provide a brief knowledge association with health benefits of beet. In conclusion, these results suggest that beet root have good phytochemical properties.

ABSTRACT
Flooding is an uncertain phenomenon thus advance warning, evacuation and flood control are effective and sustainable methods of reducing the devastation caused by floods. Raising awareness and preparing the population in general to respond to natural disaster such as floods, should be a crucial task for the mass media. A report by Kenya Red Cross (2012) indicated that 5000 people suffer the effects of floods every year in Nyakach District in Kenya, and the damage is estimated at 49 million. The recurrence of floods seems to be an indicator of dearth of knowledge on the flood risk management in West Nyakach. This study focused on the vernacular radio programmes offered by two Dholuo Radio stations; Radio Ramogi & Radio Lake Victoria, these stations offer a forum for the listeners to call radio station directly and discuss issues related to various risk management. The study was guided by the Uses and Gratification Theory (Blumler and Katz 1974). 150 homesteads, two radio programmes managers and one area chief constituted the sample for the study. Data were collected using questionnaires and oral interview. The findings revealed that a majority of the respondents received information on evacuation through Dholuo radio programmes they listened to. The study also established the existence of floods emergency measures and Disaster Committee which help in handling emergencies and also liaises with radio stations during disasters. While examining Dholuo radio stations participation in evacuation process, the study revealed that radio stations under the study participated by relaying information through their programmes.

ABSTRACT
Ayurveda is the eternal science which not only help us in restoration of health but also provide complete solutions to the disease. Disease comes any time in any form like Covid-19 outbreak which was occur as pandemic world-wide and cause of death of millions people. In Such situation when all countries fight for searching solution & vaccine against Covid-19, India shows Rasayana concept which is very helpful to build up body immunity and thus gives strength to body against Covid-19. In this paper author made an effort to explore utility of Rasayana therapy in human during this pandemic.

ABSTRACT
Background: Untreated constipation can lead to fecaloma loading in colon, stercoral colonic perforation and subsequently stercoral peritonitis. Stercolar peritonitis is relatively uncommon presentation with a grave prognosis. Case Presentation: We recently managed a 46-year-old lady known HIV- infected who had a long standing history of constipation. She presented to us with history of acute generalized abdominal pain, fever, vomiting and signs of peritonism for four days. Abdominal radiography showed colonic fecal loading and pneumoperitoneum while abdominal ultrasound demonstrated free fluid in the peritoneal cavity. She underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy in which, we found a perforation at rectosigmoid junction with protruded fecaloma and significant feco-purulent peritoneal fluid. Evacuation of fecolomas, resection of perforated bowel and Hartmann’s procedure was done. The patient was sent to a high dependent unit with standard post-operative orders. She unfortunately demised on day 2 post-operatively due to intractable sepsis. Conclusion: Fecal impactions should be promptly treated to avoid fatal complications like stercoral peritonitis. Judicious selection of patients with underlying risk conditions like HIV/AIDS for referral and expert definitive management can warrant relatively favorable surgical outcome.

ABSTRACT
The study was undertaken to determine biometric characterization of locally adapted Muscovy ducks in Nasarawa South Agricultural Zone. Three hundred matured Muscovy ducks were randomly selected from three randomly selected LGAs in the Nasarawa south Agricultural zone and used for the experiment. Body weight and body linear measurements as well egg qualities characteristics were determined across lafia doma and Awe Local Government Area of Nasarawa South. The data collected were analysed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the SPSS statistical package version 21. The results obtained indicated that, birds from Awe (location 3) had significantly (P<0.05) higher body weight (2.22±0.07 kg), wing length (40.74±0.73cm), tail length (18.93±0.26cm), egg weight (66.79±0.64g), albumen length (10.20±0.17mm) and albumen width (6.60±0.16mm) compared to those from locations 1 and 2 (Lafia and Doma). However, birds from Lafia (location 1) had significantly (P<0.05) higher chest circumference (14.76±0.26cm) and comb length (2.16±0.46cm) compared to birds from Doma and Awe (locations 2 and 3). Similarly, birds from locations 1 and 2 (Lafia and Doma) had significantly (P<0.05) higher shank length (5.91±0.16cm and 5.93±0.17cm, respectively) toe web (5.97±0.14cm and 5.92±0.14cm, respectively) and egg length (6.13±0.02mm and 6.07±0.02mm, respectively) compared to birds from location 3 (Awe). From the finding of this research, it was concluded that location have effect on Muscovy duck as such selection of these birds should be location based and subsequently be cross bred to utilise heterosis.

ABSTRACT
Background: During nineteenth century, the advice of Sir Astley Cooper (1892) with regard to high femoral neck fractures was to treat the patients and let the fracture go. He recognized that most patients who sustained this injury tolerated prolong immobilization very poorly. Any treatment which requires prolong immobilization will care for the hazards like cardio-pulmonary problems, thrombo-embolie phenomena, urinary tract problems and decubitus ulcer in the elderly patients. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of replacement hemiarthroplasty by Austin-Moore prosthesis with autogenous cancellous bone graft in treatment of fracture neck of femur. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational study carried out at Dhaka Medical College, Orthopaedic Surgery Department from June 2006 to December 2007. Data were collected in preformed data collection sheet which included history, physical examination, radiographic findings, preoperative monitoring, and post-operative follow-up. Functional outcome was assessed by Harris hip scoring system. Total score of ten clinical parameters- pain, limp, need of support for walking, walking distance, stair climbing, put on shoes, sitting in chairs, deformity, range of motion & use of public transport finally evaluated to measure functional outcome. Evaluation of outcome assessed by Harris Hip score (HHS). Then statistical analysis was done to see comparative evaluation outcome at week 6 and at month 12 by computer based program SPSS, version 11.5. Results: A total of 21 cases of fracture neck femur were treated by replacement hemiarthroplasty with Austin Moore prosthesis. Autogenous cancellousbone graft harvested from resected femoral head of affected side was applied to fenestrations in the Austin Moore prosthesis in each case. Four of the twenty one patients were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 17 patients functional outcome is evaluated. Age distribution was ranging from 65 to 85. Mean age (71.88 ±354) Sex dist

ABSTRACT
Shughuli za biashara nchini Uganda zilianza zama za kale wakati wa ujio wa wakoloni na usambazaji wa Kiswahili. Kiswahili kilisambaa Uganda kupitia njia mbalimbali moja wapo ikiwa ni biashara. Kimsingi, maingiliano ya jamii zenye tamaduni na lugha mbalimbali hutokana na ushirikiano katika biashara na shughuli nyinginezo za kijamii. Shughuli hizo huzua haja za kuwepo kwa lugha moja itakayoweza kuwaunganisha watu wenye tamaduni na lugha mbalimbali. Hivyo basi, uendelezaji wa biashara unakuwa mgumu bila matumizi ya lugha inayoeleweka na wengi. Kutokana na hali hii, kujifunza Kiswahili kama lugha ya biashara hakuepukiki. Madhumuni ya utafiti ni kuelezea mitindo anuwai ya ujifunzaji wa lugha ya pili, na jinsi wafanyabiashara wametumia mitindo hiyo kujifunza Kiswahili kama lugha ya biashara kwa kuongozwa na nadharia ya Gardener ya 1985. Data ilikusanywa kutoka nyanjani miongoni mwa wafanya biashara jijini Kampala, Uganda. Eneo la utafiti lilikuwa ekedi ya Mukwano na soko la Kikuubo nchini Uganda na ulihusisha eneo la kitaaluma la ujifunzaji lugha ya pili.Idadi lengwa ilihusisha wafanya biashara waliokuwa wakiendeleza biashara tofauti tofauti katika maeneo hayo ya ekedi ya Mukwano na soko la Kikuubo nchini Uganda.Usampulishaji dhamirifu ulizingatiwa katika uteuzi wa sampuli ya wafanya biashara 100 waliochunguzwa katika harakati za kununua na kuuza.Data ilikusanywa kupitia mbinu ya kuangalia na majadiiano kupitia usaili.Data hiyo ilipangwa na kuchujwa kulingana na madhumuni ya utafiti.Dondoo zilizokusanywa kutoka kwa wasailiwa zilipewa kodi zufuatazo:Ms1=Msailiwa 1,Ms2 kumaanisha msailiwa wa pili kwa mfuatano huo.

ABSTRACT
Bilateral choanal atresia is uncommon in our environment. CA is caused by the failure of resorption of the bucco-nasal membrane during embryonic development.This occur in the posterior nasal cavity wereby they will be complete obtiration of the choanal. BCA presents with breathing problems immediately after birth this calls of emergence care.For our case have 18years old female presented in our department with complains of difficult in breathing, persistence nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, and history of on and off visiting to the hospital with the same complains. Also reports to be taken to theter twice and got some improvement for few days but can not recall what was done.Surgical intervention is needed immediately to help such patient as soon as the diagnosis is lied down.