ABSTRACT
The field study was applied in a clay loam soil in Al-Karamah (Al-Hamza Al-Sharqi, Diwaniyah Province) for the period October 1, 2022 to June 20, 2023. The aim of study was to evaluate the use of irrigation with treated wastewater on the Medicago Sativa during the summer and winter seasons. The results indicated a significant difference when using treated wastewater during the winter season compared to wastewater during the summer season. It was recorded a significant increase when the plants were exposed to irrigation with wastewater during the winter season for a period of not less than four months, as it gave the best results in the average vegetative and root characteristics. The average number and length of branches, number of leaves, root length, and weight of the fresh and dry vegetative and root group were 18.80 branches/plant, 60.40 cm, 144.63 leaves per branch, 34.08 cm, 72.92 g, 11.36 g, 65.37 g, 9.98 g, respectively, compared to wastewater during the summer season, which gave weak and thin plants that lacked the necessary nutrients for growth. The average vegetative and root characteristics of the plants were the lowest when irrigated with wastewater during the summer season. As for the estimation of the concentration of heavy metals including zinc, copper, cobalt, lead and cadmium in the plant, it did not reach the harmful limit according to the known standards of the Organization (FAO). The samples of the M. Sativa irrigated with wastewater during the summer season gave the highest significant increase in the concentration of heavy metals in this plant Zn, Cu, Co, Pb, as they reached 76.43, 62.31, 10.78, 10.78 µg/g dry weight respectively compared to the samples irrigated with wastewater during the winter season. It was also noted that the Cd metal did not have any significant effect in the M. Sativa plant samples irrigated with treated wastewater during the summer and winter seasons.

ABSTRACT
Ethnobotanical research was carried out to learn more about the medicinal plants utilised by the residents of Sekkarakudi village in Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, India. With the support of the local government, 27 knowledgeable female informants were selected for the study. The informants provided information on the plant parts used, local names, medicinal uses, and preparation methods (such as decoction, paste, powder, and juice), as well as details about their age, gender, education, and occupation. There have been reports of the use of 54 plant species from 29 families to treat a variety of illnesses. Of the 54 plant species, herbal forms (23 species) were found to be commonly employed, whereas leaves (25 species) were the most regularly used plant parts to create herbal medicines. Zingiber officinale (0.592) is the medicinal plant species with the highest usage values. This study demonstrated the continued reliance of the local population on medicinal herbs, which are essential to the primary healthcare system.

ABSTRACT
This study aims to provide empirical evidence that social norms and networks affect the productivity of farmer women's groups by mediating beliefs. The subjects of this study were 121 farmer women in the Kanigaran Farmer women’s group, Kanigaran District, Probolinggo City. The samples were all taken by proportional random sample method. The data used is in the form of primary data from the results of questionnaires distributed to respondents, while data analysis uses SEM PLS. The results showed that social norms and networks affect trust. It was also revealed that social norms and networks also affect the productivity of farmer women's groups. Furthermore, the study also found that trust affects the productivity of farmer women's groups and at the same time trust can mediate the influence of social norms and networks on the productivity of farmer women's groups.

ABSTRACT
The recommendations specific site of the nutrients in maize cultivation are necessary in the region of Savannah in Togo in the current context of the variability of the endogenous fertility of soils. To this end, based on the results of subtractive trials whose treatments were: the absolute control - N0P0K0 (T1), N0P60K70 (T2), N120P0K70 (T3), N120P60K0 (T4) and N120P60K70 (T5) kg ha-1 coupled with the maize variety Ikenne, conducted in the prefectures of the Savannah region, target yields were determined taking into account the potential yield of the Ikenne variety. Fertilization formulas to obtain the difference between the target yields and those measured on the zero N, zero P and zero K treatments were calculated. The results revealed that the gradient of priority nutrient requirement for maize was N > P > K in the prefectures. In Tandjouaré, grain yields of 3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 Mg ha-1 were obtained with the fertilizer formulas N92P0K0, N112P10K0, N132P18K16 and N152P26K29 kg ha-1, respectively, with corresponding value/cost ratios of 16, 13, 11, and 10. In Tône, achieving grain yields of 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 Mg ha-1 is subject to the fertilizer formulas N79P24K0, N99P32K16, N119P41K30, N139P49K43 and N159P57K56 kg ha-1, respectively, with corresponding value/cost ratios of 9, 8, 12, 7, and 6. In Oti, achieving grain yields of 3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 Mg ha-1 is subject to the fertilizer formulas N66P7K0, N86P16K9, N106P24K22 and N126P32K36 kg ha-1, respectively, with corresponding value/cost ratios of 19, 14, 11, and 10. In Kpendjal, obtaining grain yields of 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 and 4.5 Mg ha-1 is subject to fertilizer formulas N70P16K5, N90P24K18, N110P33K31, N130P41K45 et N150P49K58 kg ha-1, respectively, with corresponding value/cost ratios of 11, 9, 8, 7 and 7.

ABSTRACT
A study was conducted on the eastern drainage of the Euphrates River (Alhfar) in Diwaniyah at three stations, summer and winter. The drainage Alhfar was evaluated using the WQI and Was selected 12 parameters, namely (PH, E.C, TDS, Turb., T.H, Cl, Mg, Ca, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd), From the results, it is noted that the first site recorded (302, 290) in summer and winter, respectively, according to WQI, while the second site recorded (294.5, 298.8) in summer and winter, respectively, The WQI value for the third site was (310 a, 380), according to WQI the water in the first and second sites was very poor water due to the increase in the proportion of determinants. In the third site, the water was unsuitable water because the WQI was very high in summer and winter.

ABSTRACT
Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are widely distributed in all agroecological zones (AEZs) within Kenya. Plant parasitic nematodes are important pests of many cultivated crops and they exert a detrimental influence on a wide range of vascular plants, leading to significant crop losses by reducing both quantity and quality of the yield. However, due to inadequate taxonomic descriptions and a low number of diagnostic features, the morphological diagnosis of many species remains a challenge. The objective of this study was to characterize PPNs associated with sweet potatoes in different agroecological zones of Kirinyaga County, Kenya, using 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Seventy-seven soil samples from sweet potato tubers rhizosphere were collected from different agroecological zones and nematodes were extracted using Baermann’s technique. Thirteen nematode isolates were obtained and only seven could be identified morphologically to their genus level based on their distinct phenotypes. Seven isolates that could not be identified through the microscope were advanced to molecular sequencing. The nematode DNA were extracted and the PCR amplification and sequencing of 18S rRNA gene carried out. The study identified six PPN species, including Mylonchulus hawaiiensis, Aporcelaimellus nigeriensis, Rotylenchulus reniformis, Rotylenchulus borealis, Aporcella femina, Heterodera dunensis, and a predatory nematode (Dorylaimus aff. stagnalis) as part of the soil biota. This study showed significant distribution of plant parasitic nematodes across the agroecological zones. Thus, the occurrence of a nematode species complex in sweet potato farms requires the development of specific and appropriate sustainable control strategies.

ABSTRACT
The development of the oocyte into mature ova has been studied under two principal categories namely pre-vitellogenic and vitellogenic phase. Other than oocytes, oogonia have also been seen in the ovaries during different months of the year. It has been observed that the ovaries of Macrobrachium dayanum possess maximum percentage of oogonia during the months of December to January and June to July which indicate that they are passing through immature stage. It was further observed that during the month of April and October to November ovaries were filled with primary, secondary and tertiary vitellogenic oocytes.