ABSTRACT
Soil erosion is a kind of environmental deterioration through decreased agricultural output, increased floods, and habitat loss, soil degradation has an impact on many people's livelihoods, either directly or indirectly. In many developing tropical nations throughout the world where soil and water conservation (SWC) planning and management initiatives are either ineffective or nonexistent, soil erosion is on the rise. Because there isn't precise scientific research that gives information, identifying locations that are susceptible to soil erosion is also insufficient. The Oromia area of Ethiopia, where the majority of livelihoods mainly rely upon agriculture, is home to the little-recognized watershed of Welmel. A thorough understanding of the spatial variability across various climatic zones, land uses, and soil erosion is crucial for the planning of successful SWC management approaches. Through the use of a geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and numerous characteristics such as land uses, and climate, this study has attempted to identify prospective places in need of SWC techniques by undertaking a spatial modeling of soil erosion within the Welmel watershed's Genale Dawa basin. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), which was previously modified for Ethiopian circumstances, was utilized to predict potential soil loss after laboratory study and processing multiple input datasets in ArcGIS to get the requisite six RUSLE model input parameters. It made use of data from a digital elevation model (DEM) on interpolated rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), plant cover (C), topography (LS), and conservation practices (P) from satellite pictures. The study demonstrates that the RUSLE using GIS taking into account various climates and land management practices provides a great advantage in that it enables one to spatially analyze multilayer data to identify areas that are susceptible to soil erosion and subsequently develop the be

ABSTRACT
Cassava is a plant cultivated for its calorie-rich leaves and tuberous roots. Unfortunately, genetic improvement of cassava is limited by the lack of information on its genetic variability. The objective of the present work was to study the genetic and molecular diversity of cassava cultivars using microsatellite markers (SSR) in the Maritime region of Togo. A total of 95 cassava individuals from 7 cultivars were evaluated using 7 SSRs. The average polymorphic information content was 0.74 and the average number of alleles per locus was 7. The average observed heterozygosity was lower than the expected average heterozygosity for the 7 cultivars, showing positive fixation indices and presence of inbreeding. Molecular analysis of variance revealed greater molecular variation within cultivars (94%). The dendrogram constructed using the Neighbor Joining method resulted in 3 groups. The high genetic diversity observed could be due to the exchange of cuttings by growers. This diversity would be valuable for efficient germplasm management and for effective use of the material in breeding.

ABSTRACT
In this study, the impact of different management systems, parity orders, stages of lactation and age of she camels on the chemical composition of milk were evaluated. The study was conducted during August to October 2018 to compare camel milk from three production systems that include the traditional nomadic in Kuma locality (North Darfur State) to the semi-nomadic (Red Valley in Eastern Nile and Hamid Well in Western Omdurman (Khartoum State) and the intensive in El Huda in Western Omdurman (Khartoum State). The milk samples investigated belong to three groups; parity orders, lactation stages and ages; of she-camels. The samples (n=120) were examined to determine the percent of fat, solids not fat, lactose, protein and density in camel milk. The results showed significant (P≤0.05) differences between milk samples obtained from camels reared in different management systems. The semi-nomadic system in Hamid Well area recorded high values for the chemical constituent in comparison to other systems and locations. Stages of lactation of she-camels kept in the intensive production system showed significant effect on the values of SNF, protein, lactose and the density of milk. However non-significant differences were recorded on milk chemical composition depending on parity orders and age of she-camels. In conclusion, the variations of the values of the chemical composition of camel milk from different locations is strongly correlated to the management systems that influenced by the availability of water and feed as well as other factors including lactation stages.