ABSTRACT
Wannan takarda ta yi nazarin kalmomin rukunin masu sayar da man fetur da baƙin mai a cikin garin Sakkwato. Manufar ita ce zaƙulo yadda wannan rukunin ‘yan kasuwa suke sarrafa harshen Hausa, ta hanyar fito da ma’anonin kalmomin da suke amfani da su a zantukansu na yau da kullum. An taƙaita wannan bincike a kan nazarin kalmomi ne kawai, ba tare da nazarin sassan jumla ko jumlolin wannan rukunin ‘yan kasuwa ba. An gabatar da hasashe guda biyu (2), waɗanda aka gwada su ta hanyar gudanar da lura ta kai-tsaye da hira ko tattaunawa da masu harkar sayar da man fetur da baƙin mai a wuraren kasuwancinsu. An tattaro wasu lafuzzan da suke amfani da su domin tabbatar da samuwar wannan Hausar dalilin zamantakewa da sauran ma’amalolin a wuraren kasuwancinsu. Binciken ya gano cewa ‘yan kasuwar suna amfani da wasu ma’anoni na musamman waɗanda suka sha bamban da Hausar yau da kullum, wadda suke samarwar ta hanyar faɗaɗa ma’ana da ƙirƙira da kuma sarrafa kalmomin aro. Daga ƙarshe an ba da shawarar faɗaɗa bincike a wannan fanni domin buƙasa harshen, musamman a yanzu da kimiyya da fasaha suke taka rawa a cigaban harshe.

ABSTRACT
Background: Diving is an activity carried out in the air in a high pressure air chamber. One job that is always related to diving activities is fishing. When working as a fisherman, the technique used to catch fish is often still using fishing poles and nets. This activity often requires fishermen to make repetitive movements and requires fishermen to work inside which can cause complaints about muscle position (skeletal) or myalgia. Aim: To determine the effect of diving in the sea on the incidence of myalgia in diving fisherman at the Oesapa Fisherman's Village. Method: The type of research carried out was observational analytic with a cross sectional approach. This research was carried out by filling out the Nordic Body Map questionnaire. Sampling used a non-probability snowballing sampling technique and obtained 50 respondents. This research provides univariate and bivariate analysis using the Chi Square test. Results: All respondents were male. Respondents ranged in age from 15-50 years. Based on work period, the number of respondents who took part in this research with a work period of ≥ 10 years was 31 respondents (62%), while for respondents ≤ 10 years there were 19 respondents (38%). The results of bivariate analysis between respondent age, diving depth, length of service, length of work, frequency of diving and the incidence of myalgia have a value of (p>0.005). Conclusion: There is no effect of diving in the sea on the incidence of myalgia in diving fisherman at the Oesapa Fisherman's Village.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: North Bengal (NB) occupies a strategically important and spatially unique location within the broader of West Bengal province (WB) and forms part of an important sub-region of Eastern India, which, in northern WB, is made up of the eight districts. The physiography of North Bengal is characterized by significant diversity. It dominates throughout the hill and foothill region's tea plantations, horticulture and tourism. Objectives: The study has tried to determine the geographic location and condition, the regional development gap between South Bengal (SB) and North Bengal (NB) and also to evaluate what affect the geography, the connection between these two regions, and how much bias in historical government decisions has played a role in generating different development levels in these two different areas. Research Methodology: The Research Design has implemented a qualitative-quantitative Mixed Method Approach, drawing upon secondary statistical analysis supported by the conceptual/theoretical application of regionally devised development processes. Results and Discussion: The interconnectedness of natural conditions and human actions/decisions has resulted in many of the outcomes in the region, including environmental sensitivity and vulnerability to disasters and resource dependence. The disparities in poverty, literacy and infrastructure between North Bengal and South Bengal are due to numerous causes and are highly interconnected. Conclusions: There are equal amounts of importance placed on investing in education, skill development, and healthcare as they are all essential elements of human capital in achieving long-term regional development.

ABSTRACT
Digital pedagogy has become an essential tool in the education sector, offering opportunities to enhance student engagement, creativity, and access to knowledge. This study has investigated the use of digital pedagogy in teacher education programmes, focusing on its potential to boost learning motivation among prospective teachers, thereby creating more dynamic and personalized learning environments. The study has analysed digital pedagogy and teacher education documents, emphasizing its growing importance for adapting to technological advancements, enhancing learning opportunities, supporting personalized learning, developing digital literacy, preparing educators for remote teaching, and promoting global learning. The findings of the study have been disclosed that digital pedagogy significantly enhances learning motivation among prospective teachers by offering engaging, flexible, and meaningful learning experiences. Interactive tools such as gamification, virtual simulations, and collaborative platforms allow learners to actively participate and experience the practical relevance of what they are studying. Personalized learning paths, access to diverse resources, real-time feedback, and innovation and creativity support both professional growth and student engagement. Digital pedagogy can transform teacher education by fostering motivation and innovative teaching approaches. However, challenges include unequal access to technology, lack of digital literacy, inadequate support, and challenging assessments. A balanced approach, including technology investment, professional development, and self-directed learning can prepare future educators.

ABSTRACT
This paper examined educational growth and its contribution to national development in Nigeria. The paper adopted review of literature to present the sequence of innovations in curriculum development and the evolving policies and programmes targeted at improving education and enhancing the achievement of national goals and national development. The paper identify different educational systems and programmes such as the introduction of Universal Primary Education UPE in 1976 and Universal Basic Education UBE in 2000, highlighting the achievements recorded from each of the programmes and the challenges which hinder its success. The challenges identified include, poor funding, poor implementation, lack of infrastructures, inadequate in-service training for teachers and inadequate qualified teachers among others. The authors also discuss the effectiveness of basic education in national development and thus suggest that Government should ensure complete implementation of the UBE programme by reviewing the policy document that established the programme and ensure full implementation. Government should employ qualified teachers to meet the growing population of the students, ensuring that appropriate student-teacher ratio are maintained at the basic schools.

ABSTRACT
Inclusive and equitable quality education for all have being a major concern for countries around the world, as it is capture as part of the year 2030 agenda for sustainable development, specifically in sustainable development goal 4. While international organizations and governments around the world have been making effort in promoting and enhancing literacy among citizens including adults, however, literacy rate among adult populations in most developing countries including Nigeria seems alarming, as considerable portion of Nigeria’s adult population, especially those residing within the rural areas finds it difficult to read, write and do simple arithmetic operations. High level of illiteracy results in poor employment opportunities as well as low income, low self-esteem and higher crime rates. While crime is an inevitable occurrence in societies, prisons exist to protect societies from criminals as well as deviants, whose actions portend threats to societal functioning. Although, prisons are mainly established for protecting societies; reformation and rehabilitation of the convicted prisoners are key functions of all correctional institutions, and education plays crucial role in the rehabilitation process. Thus, this study advocates the inclusion of adult education programmes such as peace education, adult literacy, environmental adult education, civic and political education in Nigerian correctional institutions, as a way of minimizing high incidences of recidivism, as well as ensuring pro-social attitudes and behaviours required from prisons’ inmates, after serving jail terms. The requisite knowledge in adult education programmes, becomes a source of potential benefits to community sustainability, as ex-prisons’ inmates can make effective contributions through knowledge acquired, in achieving the desired socio-economic and environmental sustainability in Nigerian communities.

ABSTRACT
Islam as a comprehensive way of life touches every aspect of human endeavours. This is with a view to providing him the guidance that will make him enjoy his worldly sojourn happily and in tranquillity, and also emerge successful in his eternal abode in the life Hereafter. Indeed, one of the unique features of Islam in its divine laws is the principle of inheritance. No other religion in the world other than Islam provides a comprehensive explanation of who is to inherit who and who is not, and what portions are to be inherited, and who can prevent who from inheriting the deceased’s property. It is against this background that this paper provides a clear exposition on the doctrine of exclusion in the Islamic law of inheritance, under which a clear determination has been provided on who is to exclude who among heirs from inheriting the estate of the dead person. The paper also extols the beauty of such blockage in the principles of Islamic law of inheritance. One of the findings of the paper is that the doctrine of exclusion is based on the blood relationship ties between the dead and the surviving relations.