ABSTRACT
This study aims to develop a theoretical framework and conduct experimental research on organizing training activities to enhance the skills of Special Education students in designing Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) during their practicum and teaching internships. Based on an analysis of theoretical foundations and practical requirements, the research proposes a 15-step procedure for implementing skill development activities tailored to the professional characteristics and training needs of Special Education students. The experimental phase was carried out in two cycles to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed intervention. The results demonstrated significant improvements in students’ abilities to develop IEPs after the intervention, contributing to the enhancement of teacher training quality and the preparation of future educators capable of meeting the needs of students with disabilities in the context of current educational reforms.

ABSTRACT
Over the past two decades, STEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) has undergone significant transformations, especially in the field of pre-service teacher training. This systematic review analyzes prominent international STEM teacher education models from 2005 to 2025, aiming to identify effective pedagogical structures, interdisciplinary integration strategies, and competency assessment frameworks. Using the PRISMA protocol, 42 peer-reviewed articles from North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia were selected and analyzed. The models examined include UTeach (USA), NIE STEM (Singapore), STEM Studio (Australia), TPACK–PBL (South Korea), and STEM-TP (Europe). Findings highlight common features such as early teaching practice, inquiry-based learning, technology integration, and competency-based assessment. The article proposes policy implications and strategic recommendations for Vietnam, including the development of a 5C-AI competency framework and the establishment of STEM labs in teacher training institutions.

ABSTRACT
Upimaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni umekuwa ukifanyika kwa namna tofautitofauti. Mathalani, upimaji unaojumuisha stadi zote za lugha na upimaji unaozingatia baadhi ya stadi za lugha na kuziacha nyingine. Nadharia Jumuishi ya Lugha inasisitiza upimaji unaojumuisha stadi zote za lugha ili kupata picha halisi ya mafanikio ya mjifunzaji. Licha ya kuwapo kwa tafiti mbalimbali zinazoangazia upimaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni, tafiti hizo hazioneshi changamoto zinazoukabili mchakato wa upimaji kiasi cha kutofautiana kwa kuzingatia au kutozingatia maelezo ya kinadharia. Makala hii imechunguza changamoto za upimaji jumuishi wa stadi za lugha katika ufundishaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni nchini Tanzania. Data za makala hii zilikusanywa kwa kutumia mbinu ya uchambuzi wa nyaraka na usaili. Jumla ya walimu kumi na wawili (12) wanaofundisha Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni kutoka katika vituo vitatu (3) walihusika katika utafiti huu. Data zilichambuliwa kwa kutumia mbinu ya uchambuzi wa data kimaudhui ikiongozwa na Nadharia ya Usababishi iliyoasisiwa na Hume (1739) na kuboreshwa (1748). Matokeo ya utafiti yalibaini changamoto mbalimbali zinazokabili upimaji jumuishi wa stadi za lugha. Changamoto hizo ni: kutofautiana kwa malengo ya wajifunzaji wa lugha, kutofautiana kwa miongozo ya ufundishaji, kukosekana kwa mwongozo rasmi wa Upimaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni, mkazo wa stadi za lugha katika ufundishaji na upimaji, ugumu wa upimaji jumuishi wa stadi zote za lugha na matumizi ya uzoefu binafsi. Kutokana na matokeo hayo, utafiti huu unajenga hoja kuwa kuna haja ya kuweka mikakati ili kuboresha zaidi upimaji jumuishi katika ufundishaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni.

ABSTRACT
Training teaching skills for students majoring in Primary Education is an inevitable requirement in teacher training today, especially in the context of innovation in general education programs and digital transformation of education. This article aims to systematize the theoretical basis of teaching skills and forms of training skills for primary school teacher students, and analyze the possibility of applying blended learning in the training process. Through analyzing modern educational perspectives, characteristics of teacher students, and skill training models, the article clarifies the role, content and methods of organizing teaching skills training activities according to a flexible and integrated approach. Based on an overview of a number of domestic and foreign research works, the article also points out research gaps and proposes approaches to improve the effectiveness of primary school teacher training in the current period.

ABSTRACT
This study examines the influence of internet availability on learning enhancement among university students in Kampala. Using a cross-sectional survey of 293 students from three universities, data were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression. Results revealed a strong positive relationship between internet availability and learning enhancement (r = 0.6346, p < 0.001), with internet access explaining 40.27% of variance in outcomes (R² = 0.4027). Despite 78.95% of students using ICT for learning, challenges such as high data costs (consuming 30% of budgets), inconsistent connectivity, and uneven faculty training hindered equitable access. While 73.6% owned devices, infrastructural gaps persisted, particularly in rural areas. The study concludes that internet availability significantly enhances learning but requires complementary investments in affordable connectivity, faculty capacity building, and hybrid learning models. The study recommends adopting policies aligned with the African Union’s Digital Education Strategy (2023–2028) and leveraging subsidized data initiatives to bridge access disparities.

ABSTRACT
The mobility of people and goods in urban areas depends on the availability of transport infrastructure. In urban areas, particularly in cities of underdeveloped countries, the unprecedented increase in population has led to an increasingly high demand for transport infrastructure. The urban means of transport used for the mobility of people and goods are taxis, motorcycle taxis, private cars, etc. In addition, coaches, minibuses, buses, heavy goods vehicles, etc. are used for transit transport. The high demand for means of transport linked to urban population growth has led to an increase in urban traffic, resulting in congestion of urban roads. Traffic jams in cities of poor countries are amplified by the poor condition and narrowness of communication routes, the obstruction of roadways by economic activities and various waste, the absence of traffic lights at busy intersections, etc. Road congestion has enormous consequences for road users. The objective of this article is to show how mobility is the cause of road congestion in the Yaoundé IV district. The methodology adopted is based on literature review, participant observation, semi-structured interviews, GPS surveys, questionnaire surveys, etc. The documentary research consisted of collecting a certain amount of qualitative data on the subject by consulting various documents on the internet and certain works (dissertations, theses, etc.) on this theme. In addition, the other methods used allowed us to collect quantitative and qualitative data on the means of transport, the factors amplifying congestion and its consequences in the district commune of Yaoundé IV. The results obtained indicate that the means of transport used in the study area for the mobility of people and goods are, among others, taxis, motorcycle taxis, personal cars, etc. It emerges from the field investigations that the most used means of transport in the district commune of Yaoundé IV is the city taxi because 44% of respondents use this me

ABSTRACT
Rayuwar ɗan'adam tana cikin ƙunci da barazana da rashin cikakkiyar walwala da sakewa. Hakan yana faru ne saboda yawaitar wasu cututtuka da suke barazana ga rayuwa tare da saka rayuwa cikin rashin walwala da jin daɗi. Irin wannan yanani shi ya ƙarfafa guiwar masu bincike ga aiwatar da wannan aikin domin zaƙulo wasu magungunan da aka samar ta hanyar ruwa domin magance ire-iren waɗannan cututtuka da suke saka rayuwar ɗan’adam cikin halin ƙunci da al'umma ta samu kanta a ciki. An aiwatar da wannan aiki ta hanyar ziyartar ɗakunan karatu na jami'o'i da kwalejoji, domin nazartar ayyukkan da suka shafi wannan aiki. Hakan ya bayar da madogara shimfiɗa buzun binciken tare da yi masa jagoranci ta hanyar haska masa hanya. Kazalika, an kai ziyara wajen masunta da masu bayar da magungunan gargajiya domin tattaunawa da su, don samun bayanai ingantattu kuma sahihai. An ɗora harsashin wannan aiki kan karin maganar Hausawa da take cewa "Ruwa na ƙasa sai ga wanda bai tona". Hikimar abin shi ne, akwai abubuwa da dama a cikin ruwa da za a iya sarrafawa a samar da magungunan iri-iri da za a iya amfana da su wajen magance cututtuka daban-daban da suke addabar mutane. Sai dai “a rashin sani kaza ta kwana kan dami”, saboda haka “wani zomon a sabara ake barin sa.” An taƙaita farfajiyar wannan bincike kan ruwa da magungunan gargajiyar Bahaushe a Jihar Kabi da take Nijeriya. Don haka wannan ya keɓanta ga nazarin ruwa da yadda ake sarrafa su a samar da magunguna cututtuka da za a iya amtani da su.