ABSTRACT
Scientific competence is essential in preschool education as it fosters foundational thinking and problem-solving skills, paving the way for children’s engagement with STEM fields. Young children are naturally inquisitive, and early exposure to scientific thinking helps nurture observation, questioning, and experimentation abilities. However, many current preschool curricula, including in Vietnam, lack a clear framework for developing and assessing scientific competence. This study proposes a conceptual framework to integrate science education systematically into preschool programs. Using literature review, content analysis, and the Delphi method, the study identifies five core components of scientific competence: critical thinking, experimental thinking, observation skills, questioning skills, and problem-solving. These elements reflect key scientific abilities children can acquire through exploration and guided activities. The proposed framework offers practical tools for teachers to design and evaluate science-based learning. Future studies should implement this framework in real classroom settings to assess its effectiveness and refine it for better applicability in Vietnam’s preschool context.

ABSTRACT
وممّا قرّره النقاد أنّ المعاني لا تتجاوز أن تكون أساسا فى حقائق العلوم والمعارف الإنسانية، إذ أنّها لا يمكن أن تكون أساس الشعر وغايته، بل لا بدّ أن يصوغها الشاعر صياغة جديدة تظهر فيها براعته وقوّة تخيّله ودقّة فنّه وصدق إحساسه. وهذه الصياغة هي ما يعبّر عنه النّقاد بالصنعة الشعرية. فالشعر إذن ليس "موضوعا" فحسب وليس "شكلا" فقط، إنّما هو عامة يتلبس فيها الشكل بالموضوع ويلتحمان فى إطار هو الشعر نفسه بحيث لا يمكننا إدراك ما فيه من جمال إلاّ إذا كان على تلك الحالة تماما، كما لا نستطيع أن ندرك جمال غروب الشمس بعيدا عن الأفق ولونها عند الغروب وتلك المؤثّرات المختلفة التى تحيط بالمنظر كلّه. وعلى هذا الأساس عقد الباحثان هذا المقال معتمدين على المنهج التحليلي، للوقوف على شكل قصيدة الشاعر عبد القادر النونية من حيث المحسنات البديعية اللفظية والمعنوية التي تبرز لنا مدى إبداع الشاعر الفني في القصيدة. ويتكون المقال من المباحث التالية: نبذة تاريخية عن حياة الشاعر - عرض القصيدة – المحسنات البديعية في القصيدة – الموسيقى الخارجية في القصيدة - الخاتمة - قائمة الهوامش والمراجع.

ABSTRACT
Cette contribution décrit l’impolitesse et la violence verbales dans les débats télévisés francophones au Cameroun. L’objectif est de scruter les stratégies discursives qui alimentent la conflictualité dans ce genre interactionnel compétitif et axé sur l’agôn. Les données empiriques sont constituées d'interactions verbales impliquant des personnalités publiques camerounaises ; elles ont été extraites de la plateforme YouTube. Les résultats des analyses mettent en évidence les évènements déclencheurs de tension, les diverses formes d’impolitesse (sarcasme, polirudesse, invective, ironie) et les stratégies de la mise en mort symbolique de l’adversaire. L’étude souligne que les interactions verbales observées dans les débats télévisés au Cameroun sont révélatrices des dynamiques relationnelles, sociopolitiques et identitaires.

ABSTRACT
School violence has become an alarming social issue, directly affecting the mental and physical health as well as the overall development of students, especially those at the lower secondary level—a stage marked by significant psychological and behavioral changes. Therefore, providing school violence prevention education for lower secondary students plays a particularly crucial role. This is not merely about delivering knowledge on the consequences of violence, but more importantly about fostering appropriate awareness, positive attitudes, self-defense skills, civil behavior, and a sense of responsibility among students toward themselves and their communities. The study was conducted on 250 teachers and parents regarding education on school violence prevention for students. The analysis results show that the majority of parents and teachers have a good awareness of this issue. This provides a favorable condition for organizing educational activities on school violence prevention for lower secondary school students.

ABSTRACT
The study aimed at establishing the fact that ambiguity could serve as a communication device; and also the study was to discuss the role of ambiguity in performance of music. The study adopted descriptive and case study approaches of the qualitative research methods. Random and purposive sampling methods were used to sampled Eighty (80) respondents drawn from among Language teachers, Music teachers, Performing artistes as well as Popular music enthusiasts. Interview, questionnaire and observation were the research instruments employed in the study. It was revealed that, the use of ambiguity in music is a communicative phenomenon which seeks to inform, educate and entertain members in society. Besides, the use of ambiguity in music is to attract larger audience to show command over the use of language to create humour and also to give branding to the musicians. It was recommended that, ambiguity should be used to communicate pressing issues going on in Ghanaian society. Poets and musicians should craft their messages well enough in order to expose wrongdoings in Ghanaian society through the use of linguistic devices such as ambiguity and share with the larger audience.

ABSTRACT
This study investigates the current state of health and personal hygiene education for children of the Ruc people (a subgroup of the Chut ethnic group) - a tiny ethnic minority facing significant challenges related to their living conditions in Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. This issue is of critical importance given the high rates of malnutrition, hygiene-related diseases, and limited access to healthcare and educational services among Ruc children. This research employed sociological survey methods, incorporating questionnaires, interviews, and classroom observations. Data were collected from education administrators, teachers, healthcare staff, and parents of the children. The collected data were then processed and analyzed using SPSS software. The findings of this study provide a crucial scientific foundation for proposing intervention programs tailored to the socio-cultural context of the Ruc community. Such programs aim to enhance the effectiveness of health education and promote the holistic development of these ethnic minority children.

ABSTRACT
Design thinking is not only a highly humanistic intelligent problem-solving process, widely applied in many fields. For early childhood education, Design thinking has the potential to become an effective method of organizing educational activities. Project based learning is a form of teaching widely applied in all educational levels with an organizational model linked to reality, producing real-life products through “social role-playing” of learners. Applying Design thinking in Project based learning for Elementary students help them practice their ability to solve problems creatively, stimulate curiosity, the ability to observe, explore, apply, arouse interest and gain additional skills for presenting creative ideas. Our article gives definition, clarifying the steps of Design thinking; present the effects and applicability of Design thinking in Elementary school. This article also generalizes some characteristics of Project based learning and provides instructions for applying Design thinking in Project based learning in Elementary school.

ABSTRACT
Rayuwar ɗan'adam tana cikin ƙunci da barazana da rashin cikakkiyar walwala da sakewa. Hakan yana faru ne saboda yawaitar wasu cututtuka da suke barazana ga rayuwa tare da saka rayuwa cikin rashin walwala da jin daɗi. Irin wannan yanani shi ya ƙarfafa guiwar masu bincike ga aiwatar da wannan aikin domin zaƙulo wasu magungunan da aka samar ta hanyar ruwa domin magance ire-iren waɗannan cututtuka da suke saka rayuwar ɗan’adam cikin halin ƙunci da al'umma ta samu kanta a ciki. An aiwatar da wannan aiki ta hanyar ziyartar ɗakunan karatu na jami'o'i da kwalejoji, domin nazartar ayyukkan da suka shafi wannan aiki. Hakan ya bayar da madogara shimfiɗa buzun binciken tare da yi masa jagoranci ta hanyar haska masa hanya. Kazalika, an kai ziyara wajen masunta da masu bayar da magungunan gargajiya domin tattaunawa da su, don samun bayanai ingantattu kuma sahihai. An ɗora harsashin wannan aiki kan karin maganar Hausawa da take cewa "Ruwa na ƙasa sai ga wanda bai tona". Hikimar abin shi ne, akwai abubuwa da dama a cikin ruwa da za a iya sarrafawa a samar da magungunan iri-iri da za a iya amfana da su wajen magance cututtuka daban-daban da suke addabar mutane. Sai dai “a rashin sani kaza ta kwana kan dami”, saboda haka “wani zomon a sabara ake barin sa.” An taƙaita farfajiyar wannan bincike kan ruwa da magungunan gargajiyar Bahaushe a Jihar Kabi da take Nijeriya. Don haka wannan ya keɓanta ga nazarin ruwa da yadda ake sarrafa su a samar da magunguna cututtuka da za a iya amtani da su.

ABSTRACT
The mobility of people and goods in urban areas depends on the availability of transport infrastructure. In urban areas, particularly in cities of underdeveloped countries, the unprecedented increase in population has led to an increasingly high demand for transport infrastructure. The urban means of transport used for the mobility of people and goods are taxis, motorcycle taxis, private cars, etc. In addition, coaches, minibuses, buses, heavy goods vehicles, etc. are used for transit transport. The high demand for means of transport linked to urban population growth has led to an increase in urban traffic, resulting in congestion of urban roads. Traffic jams in cities of poor countries are amplified by the poor condition and narrowness of communication routes, the obstruction of roadways by economic activities and various waste, the absence of traffic lights at busy intersections, etc. Road congestion has enormous consequences for road users. The objective of this article is to show how mobility is the cause of road congestion in the Yaoundé IV district. The methodology adopted is based on literature review, participant observation, semi-structured interviews, GPS surveys, questionnaire surveys, etc. The documentary research consisted of collecting a certain amount of qualitative data on the subject by consulting various documents on the internet and certain works (dissertations, theses, etc.) on this theme. In addition, the other methods used allowed us to collect quantitative and qualitative data on the means of transport, the factors amplifying congestion and its consequences in the district commune of Yaoundé IV. The results obtained indicate that the means of transport used in the study area for the mobility of people and goods are, among others, taxis, motorcycle taxis, personal cars, etc. It emerges from the field investigations that the most used means of transport in the district commune of Yaoundé IV is the city taxi because 44% of respondents use this me

ABSTRACT
This study examines the influence of internet availability on learning enhancement among university students in Kampala. Using a cross-sectional survey of 293 students from three universities, data were collected via structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression. Results revealed a strong positive relationship between internet availability and learning enhancement (r = 0.6346, p < 0.001), with internet access explaining 40.27% of variance in outcomes (R² = 0.4027). Despite 78.95% of students using ICT for learning, challenges such as high data costs (consuming 30% of budgets), inconsistent connectivity, and uneven faculty training hindered equitable access. While 73.6% owned devices, infrastructural gaps persisted, particularly in rural areas. The study concludes that internet availability significantly enhances learning but requires complementary investments in affordable connectivity, faculty capacity building, and hybrid learning models. The study recommends adopting policies aligned with the African Union’s Digital Education Strategy (2023–2028) and leveraging subsidized data initiatives to bridge access disparities.

ABSTRACT
Training teaching skills for students majoring in Primary Education is an inevitable requirement in teacher training today, especially in the context of innovation in general education programs and digital transformation of education. This article aims to systematize the theoretical basis of teaching skills and forms of training skills for primary school teacher students, and analyze the possibility of applying blended learning in the training process. Through analyzing modern educational perspectives, characteristics of teacher students, and skill training models, the article clarifies the role, content and methods of organizing teaching skills training activities according to a flexible and integrated approach. Based on an overview of a number of domestic and foreign research works, the article also points out research gaps and proposes approaches to improve the effectiveness of primary school teacher training in the current period.

ABSTRACT
Upimaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni umekuwa ukifanyika kwa namna tofautitofauti. Mathalani, upimaji unaojumuisha stadi zote za lugha na upimaji unaozingatia baadhi ya stadi za lugha na kuziacha nyingine. Nadharia Jumuishi ya Lugha inasisitiza upimaji unaojumuisha stadi zote za lugha ili kupata picha halisi ya mafanikio ya mjifunzaji. Licha ya kuwapo kwa tafiti mbalimbali zinazoangazia upimaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni, tafiti hizo hazioneshi changamoto zinazoukabili mchakato wa upimaji kiasi cha kutofautiana kwa kuzingatia au kutozingatia maelezo ya kinadharia. Makala hii imechunguza changamoto za upimaji jumuishi wa stadi za lugha katika ufundishaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni nchini Tanzania. Data za makala hii zilikusanywa kwa kutumia mbinu ya uchambuzi wa nyaraka na usaili. Jumla ya walimu kumi na wawili (12) wanaofundisha Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni kutoka katika vituo vitatu (3) walihusika katika utafiti huu. Data zilichambuliwa kwa kutumia mbinu ya uchambuzi wa data kimaudhui ikiongozwa na Nadharia ya Usababishi iliyoasisiwa na Hume (1739) na kuboreshwa (1748). Matokeo ya utafiti yalibaini changamoto mbalimbali zinazokabili upimaji jumuishi wa stadi za lugha. Changamoto hizo ni: kutofautiana kwa malengo ya wajifunzaji wa lugha, kutofautiana kwa miongozo ya ufundishaji, kukosekana kwa mwongozo rasmi wa Upimaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni, mkazo wa stadi za lugha katika ufundishaji na upimaji, ugumu wa upimaji jumuishi wa stadi zote za lugha na matumizi ya uzoefu binafsi. Kutokana na matokeo hayo, utafiti huu unajenga hoja kuwa kuna haja ya kuweka mikakati ili kuboresha zaidi upimaji jumuishi katika ufundishaji wa Kiswahili kama lugha ya kigeni.

ABSTRACT
Over the past two decades, STEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) has undergone significant transformations, especially in the field of pre-service teacher training. This systematic review analyzes prominent international STEM teacher education models from 2005 to 2025, aiming to identify effective pedagogical structures, interdisciplinary integration strategies, and competency assessment frameworks. Using the PRISMA protocol, 42 peer-reviewed articles from North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia were selected and analyzed. The models examined include UTeach (USA), NIE STEM (Singapore), STEM Studio (Australia), TPACK–PBL (South Korea), and STEM-TP (Europe). Findings highlight common features such as early teaching practice, inquiry-based learning, technology integration, and competency-based assessment. The article proposes policy implications and strategic recommendations for Vietnam, including the development of a 5C-AI competency framework and the establishment of STEM labs in teacher training institutions.