ABSTRACT
Abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a contentious diagnostic issue, which has been increasing in prevalence in recent years, and is often comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD). The common features of ADHD and MDD are altered activation of brain regions involved in rewarding processing and monoamine signalling. ADHD responds well to a multimodal treatment that consists of pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. Its treatment responsiveness improves mood and well-being. There is persistent debate around the use of catecholaminergic agents such as psychostimulants both in ADHD and in the treatment of depression. This review will focus on the neurobiology of both psychopathologies and how they intertwine, and consider the potential benefits and adverse effects of catecholaminergic agents in the treatment of ADHD and co-occurring MDD.

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Abstract: Problem Statement: The side effects of antiretroviral drugs are prevalent, but the effects of antiretroviral on cardiovascular diseases have not been documented. Limited data is available on the effects of antiretroviral on cardiovascular diseases. Study Population: This study was conducted on wistar rats subjected to antiretroviral treatment. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of administration of antiretroviral drugs on cardiovascular diseases in Rattus norvegicus, western Kenya. Methodology: This was a randomized controlled experimental study. 72 wistar rats will were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 10 rats each. Each group was subjected to a specific treatment. The rats were distributed in six groups namely C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6. Each group had twelve (12) samples under observation. C1 there is no treatment undertaken i.e. ARVs were not administered, while the other five groups had different ARVs or combinations of ARVs administered. Different types of ARVs were applied and record taken on HBA1C percentage, Insulin levels, HB levels and hsCRP. Results: The association between variables was investigated using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient. The results revealed that all variables were positively correlated. There was a moderate positive correlation between HBA1C and Insulin (r = 0.392, p < .001). Small relationship existed between HB and insulin (r = 0.166, p < .001), and HBA1C and HB (r = 0.173, p < .001). There was low risk of hsCRP (<0.50mg/L) in all the samples. Conclusion: The administration of antiretroviral drugs in wistar rats has low risk of hsCRP.

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Abstract: (Cremastra appendiculata) not only is a vital medicinal material plant by treating lumbago and arthritis, but also it is a widely distributed wide plant species from 500m to 3100m in Mei County of China. However, understanding links between total biomass of roots cuticle and daily solar radiation is difficult. This study explained that there is the increasing of total biomass of roots cuticle with increasing of daily solar radiation as well as links between total biomass of roots cuticle and daily solar radiation is the significant positive correlation from 20.578mol/m2•d to 24.158mol/m2•d along elevation from 500m to 1500m (P<0.01); there are decreasing of this total biomass of roots cuticle with increasing of daily solar radiation as well as the linkages between this total biomass of roots cuticle and daily solar radiation is the significant negative correlation from 24.15mol/m2•d to 27.246mol/m2•d along elevation from 1500m to 3100m (P<0.01). This research provides a series of areas ecological adaptation of daily solar radiation and six landscapes of this species. Therefore, this has vital theoretical and practical significance by medicinal plant species protection for better future of human health, ecosystem services and ecosystem functions along daily solar radiation.

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Abstract: Seasonal effects on photosynthetic pigments, nutrients, flavonoids, and polyphenol and antioxidant activities of Abrus precatorius L. were studied in three different growing seasons within a year. An experiment was conducted during January, 2019 to March, 2020 at the Botanical Garden, University of Chittagong. The highest foliar photosynthetic pigments, nutrients were observed in monsoon (June-August) and the lowest in late monsoon (September-November) whilst maximum flavonoid content was determined in the leaf extract of early monsoon (March-May) and minimum in late monsoon (September-November) respectively. In contrast the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were estimated in the leaf extract of late monsoon (September-November) and minimum in early monsoon (March-May) respectively. The present study concludes that monsoon (June-August) is suitable for efficient photosynthesis as well as nutrient accumulation in Abrus and early monsoon (March-May) is favourable for flavonoid synthesis. Considering the amount of the all studied elements late monsoon (September-November) is the right time for harvesting the leaves of Abrus to be obtained maximum polyphenol and antioxidant activity for medicinal use.

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Abstract: The main purpose of this review is to increase the knowledge about black garlic that can maintain the body’s immune system through the antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of black garlic. Black garlic is obtained from fresh garlic (Allium sativum L.) that has been fermented for a certain period of time at controlled temperature and humidity without the addition of any treatment or other ingredients. The change from garlic to black garlic affects its chemical content. The results showed that black garlic can provide antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. The antioxidant effect of black garlic is related to its contents such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, sulfur components, antioxidant enzymes and products of other mailard reactions. The immunomodulatory effect is related to the carbohydrate content and its derivatives, protein and its derivatives, as well as the mailard reaction products that occur in the process of turning into black garlic. Black garlic is useful for developing traditional treatments to protect the body from threats that will interfere with the human body's immune system.

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Abstract: Introduction: Despite many awareness programs conducted by the governments and other agencies, there are certain false beliefs among the general public of India towards transmission, prevention and treatment of COVID-19. This study is aimed to assess the knowledge and beliefs of general public of India on COVID-19. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between 20th March and 15th April 2020. A 17-item questionnaire was developed, validated, and used for the study. The questionnaire was randomly distributed among the public using Google forms. Descriptive analysis was performed to represent the study characteristics, Chi-square test for assessing the associations among the study variables, and logistic regression analysis for identifying the factors influencing the beliefs. Results: A total of 462 participants with a mean (SD) age of 30.66 (11.31) years were responded to the questionnaire. It was found that participants had good knowledge on basic aspects of COVID-19. However, considerable fraction of participants was having false beliefs towards transmission of new coronavirus, and prevention & treatment of COVID-19. It was observed that the participants who were aged 31-60 years and >60 years, education level of intermediate or diploma and high school certificate, and occupation as unskilled worker had more of false beliefs towards COVID-19 compared to their counterparts. Conclusion: The overall knowledge on COVID-19 was good enough among the general public of India, still there is need of education to avoid the false beliefs especially among the people who are elderly, having low level of education, and non-professional workers.

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Gandarussa plant (Justicia gendarussa Burm.F.) was a herbal plant that contains chemical compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, essential oils, tannins and steroids. The presence of these chemical compounds can be used as medicinal ingredients, namely headaches, rheumatism and sprains. Justicia gendarussa Burm.F. has long been used as an anti-inflammatory and pharmacologically, this plant has been reported that have antibacterial, analgesic, anthelmintic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-HIV, toxicity, sedative hypnotic and male contraception drugs.