ABSTRACT
At present, multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungal species have become widespread worldwide, which leads to high morbidity and mortality. As of now, only a few antifungal agents are coming up in the pharmaceutical industry. This may lead to a threat to humanity for their survival. In this study, we explored the possible antifungal action of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta indica, seeds against MDR and ATCC strains of Candida species. The extract showed antifungal activities with MIC varied between 0.76 and 1.56 mg/mL in both MDR and ATCC fungal species. Thus, Azadirachta indica ethanolic seed extract is an effective antifungal agent on MDR fungal species and may help save the lives of many critically ill patients.

ABSTRACT
Background: This review will encompass a comprehensive examination of insulin and insulin resistance, spanning its historical background, synthesis, functions, interactions, and related clinical symptoms. Within this section, we will delve into the underlying mechanisms and various scenarios, both physiological and pathological, that contribute to insulin resistance. The prevalence of insulin resistance among adults worldwide ranges from 15.5% to 46.5%. Excessive visceral fat is considered the main cause of insulin resistance. One of the tyrosine kinase receptors belonging to the Class II (Cysteine) family is the insulin receptor (IR). Adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ, exerting influence over both glucose and lipid metabolism through the release of adipokines, pro-inflammatory factors. The transport of glucose into the interior of adipocytes relies on insulin and is facilitated by GLUT4 transporters. Adipose tissue is estimated to contribute approximately 10% of the overall glucose uptake stimulated by insulin throughout the body. The primary emphasis will be on scrutinizing insulin's functions and how insulin resistance manifests in specific bodily organs and tissues. We will also scrutinize factors like physiological, environmental, and pharmacological influences on insulin activity, along with clinical conditions associated with insulin resistance.

ABSTRACT
Background of the study: Tuberculosis is curable and preventable as long as the infected patients take their medication as prescribed without interruption and all preventive measures observed both within the hospital and the community. Adherence to tuberculosis treatment by tuberculosis patients is key to the global control of tuberculosis. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out at the Mile-4 hospital, a tuberculosis treatment center in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A total of 125 tuberculosis patients were recruited for the study and self-administered questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to get responses from the patients. Descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. Results: Major reasons given for missing appointment and not following treatment schedule closely were lack of money, long distance from health facility, inadequate health education and non provision of food. Lack of money and long distance from health facility accounted for 60.9% of the reasons for not adhering to the treatment schedule by the tuberculosis patients. Conclusion: Adherence to tuberculosis treatment can be facilitated by extensive health education, minimal financial support and provision of food to tuberculosis patients. Distance from health facilities is also very important in the adherence to anti tuberculosis therapy by tuberculosis patients.

ABSTRACT
Background: Millions of people worldwide use alternative health care systems, and traditional medicines are a crucial part of such systems. In contrast to contemporary pharmaceuticals, which are single molecules that have undergone rigorous testing, structural optimisation, and toxicological clearance, traditionally used herbal remedies are multi-constituent medicines, the safety and efficacy of which are dependent on the experiences of the practitioners. More than 80% of contemporary medications are obtained directly from natural sources (plants, microorganisms, cells, etc.) or their molecules/compounds. Plants are becoming recognised as prospective sources for drug development. Diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal diseases are treated using a variety of conventionally used medicinal herbs. Aim & Objective: The focus of the current study is on testing P. guajava ethanolic leaf extract for its potent anti-diarrheal properties, which have been demonstrated in computer-aided simulation tests confirmed the plant's potential for antidiarrheal action. Method: A grid-based docking strategy was used to determine the binding using the Auto Dock software. Merck Molecular Force Field was used to build the 2D structures of compounds, convert them to 3D, and then energetically reduce them up to arms gradient of 0.01. (MMFF). Result: Based on previously proven effects of flavonoids and on diarrhea. Two flavonoids i.e. quercetin and quercetin-3-arbinoside which were found in the ethanolic leaf extract of P.guajava was selected as lead molecules for current investigation. So, in current study an attempt had been made to elucidate the proposed anti-diarrheal mechanism of the action of selected lead compound (flavonoids) against muscarinic- M3 receptor by in -silico molecular docking. The result of molecular docking showing binding energy -5.81 & -4.32 kcal/mol for quercetin and quercetin-3-arbinoside respectively.

ABSTRACT
In recent years, researchers have focused on natural antioxidants because they are good for human health. Most scientists believe that around two-thirds of the plants in the world have medicinal value and good antioxidant activity. The goal of this work was to estimate antioxidant activities of plant extracts, collected from Chattogram Hill Tracts, Chattogram. Different types of Plant leaves were extracted with different solvents like water, ethanol, methanol, and Pet ether. These extracts were then tested to see if they have any antioxidant properties using a method called DPPH radical scavenging. The present study found that all plant extracts exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity among them water extract of plants had the highest level of antioxidants followed by ethanol followed by methanol then Petroleum ether extracts. The high antioxidant activity of these might be due to the presence of hydroxyl groups containing substance in polar solvent extract and these hydroxyl groups can damage free radicals and possess the necessary resources for radical scavenging. This study confirms that many plant extracts have very strong antioxidant activity, which can help treat diseases caused by free radicals in the body.

ABSTRACT
Due to increasing drug resistance bacterial isolates in hospitals, morbidity and mortality are gradually increasing throughout the globe. Newer antibiotics are also not coming up as most drug manufacturing industries are reluctant to manufacture antibiotics due to low profit. In this context, we have to determine the antimicrobial activities of other common chemical agents. Thus in this experiment, we have studied L-asparagine- an amino acid with various biological activities to find out its antimicrobial activity if any. We were particularly interested in MDR bacteria in this study. Clinically isolated bacteria from different samples were identified by the automated Vitek automated system and stocked in the laboratory for our study. All isolates were used in lawn culture to find out the sensitivity of different bacteria to asparagine. In our experiment, we aimed to find out which specific concentration of L-Asparagine amino acid shows the most potent antibacterial effect on these bacterial species. In general, growths of all tested bacteria found inhibited at a very low concentration of 39 µg/ml. This uniform result against all resistant bacteria tested in this experiment clearly indicates its future utility against all extremely drug resistant bacteria.

ABSTRACT
Dry suspension refers to commercial dry solutions that must be dispensed with water. The bitter taste has had a significant impact on the development of oral preparations and therapeutic uses for numerous toxic medicines. The majority of patients want to take effective treatments that taste good and are easy to administer. It is also defined as an intimate mixture of dry, finely split medication and excipients that, when mixed with an appropriate vehicle, produces a suspension. Reconstitutable suspension is reconstituted at the time of use and can thus be used as a liquid formulation, avoiding swallowing issues. When drug stability is a critical concern, the reconstituted system is the formulation of choice. A variety of commercial and government remedies are available as dry powder combinations or granules that are meant to be suspended in water or another vehicle before being taken orally. The current study attempted to compare assessment criteria by employing three natural gums as a suspending agent in a cefpodoxime proxetil oral dry suspensions: acacia, Trigonella foenum graecum (Family: Leguminosae) seeds, also known as fenugreek seeds, and xanthan gum.