ABSTRACT
Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a baculovirus that has been a major threat to the sericulture industry for decades. Through its envelope protein, P64, which interacts with the host receptor, Bombyx mori gp64, BmNPV attaches itself to silkworm cells. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is the next mechanism by which the virus enters cells. After much research, the entrance mechanisms of BmNPV were shown to be a multi-step, intricate process. BmNPV first attaches itself to the surface of the host cell through its envelope protein, P64. Actin polymerization and clathrin-mediated endocytosis are two processes that are triggered by this contact and aid in the internalization of viruses. After entering, BmNPV uses the resources of the host cell to travel to the nucleus, where it replicates. The paper review the virus's history, entry mechanisms, and replication strategies.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Intestinal parasitosis is a global health problem. It is estimated that some 3.5 billion people are infected. Aim of the Study: To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis based on the results of parasitic coprologies performed at the parasitology laboratory of the Mohammed V Military Hospital (HMIMV) in Rabat and to identify the associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive and retrospective cross-sectional survey, carried out over a period of 2 years, from 1st January 2022 to 1st December 2023. The results of stool parasitology examinations were retrieved from the laboratory analysis reports. The data were entered into Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and exported to Jamovi version 2.6.13 for statistical analysis. Results: During the study period, we included 7,300 stool parasitology examinations: 4,453 men (61%) and 2,847 women (39%). The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 26.12%. Blastocystis hominis alone represented 73.45%, Endolimax nanus 17.77%, Dientamoeba fragilis 4.44%, Entamoeba coli 1.11%, Giardia intestinalis 0.55%, Entamoeba histolytica 0.25%, Chilomastix mesnili 0.37%, Trichomonas intestinalis 0.18%, Enterobius vermicularis 1.48% and Ascaris lumbricoides 0.37%. Conclusion: Polyparasitism affects 37% of patients. This indicates a very low level of hygiene, contaminated water and unfavorable living conditions. The prevalence of intestinal parasitism was fairly high in the population examined. Several parasitic species are incriminated. Unhealthy living conditions and poor hygiene encourage endemicity and the perpetuation of transmission. The best way to combat this scourge is through prevention, hygiene and individual and collective awareness-raising.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Candidemia is a bloodstream fungal infection caused by Candida species, whether albicans or non-albicans. The aim of this article is to determine the epidemiological profile and spectrum of candidiasis. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted over a period of 3 years and 5 months, from February 2021 to July 2024, using computerized data from the parasitology-mycology laboratory of CHU Med VI. The study included 80 positive fungal blood cultures for Candida, submitted for mycological analysis, from hospitalized patients who underwent fungal blood culture. Results: Among the 80 fungal blood cultures recorded for candidemia, C. tropicalis was the most frequently isolated species in 35% of cases, followed by Candida parapsilosis (30%), Candida albicans (17.5%), Candida glabrata (10%), Candida krusei (5%), and Candida famata (2.5%). (Figure 1). The proportion of C. albicans versus non-albicans Candida was 17.5% vs 82.5%. Conclusion: Non-albicans Candida species are increasingly frequent, with the emergence of new species. Their varying susceptibility to antifungal agents makes species identification essential for patient management.

ABSTRACT
Dengue fever is a significant public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions, including Bangladesh, where it poses a substantial burden on healthcare systems due to its high incidence and potential complications. To assess the association between dengue severity and liver function in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This observational study included 130 dengue patients admitted between July and December 2023. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, dengue severity classification, and liver function tests (ALT, AST) were recorded. Statistical analyses, including chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, were performed to evaluate the association between dengue severity and hepatitis, with significance set at p < 0.05. The majority of patients were aged 21–30 years (40.0%) and 10–20 years (22.3%). Fever was present in all cases, with abdominal pain (46.2%), vomiting (47.7%), and diarrhea (44.6%) being common. Dengue with warning signs was the most frequent diagnosis (69.2%), followed by severe dengue (16.9%) and dengue without warning signs (13.8%). Elevated SGOT and SGPT levels were observed in 67.7% and 56.2% of patients, respectively. A significant association was found between dengue severity and elevated liver enzymes (p < 0.001). Dengue severity is strongly associated with elevated liver enzymes, suggesting a link between dengue infection and hepatitis. These findings highlight the importance of routine liver function monitoring in dengue patients for early detection and management of hepatic complications.

ABSTRACT
Cattle rearing, one of the main activities of the people of the North Cameroon Region, is limited by cryptosporidiosis, gastrointestinal disease of calves. A study was carried out in 458 calves from the North Cameroon Region during the period August 2022 to January 2023 to determine its prevalence, distribution, and risk factors. A total of 217/458 faecal samples were positive, giving an overall prevalence of 44.56%. This prevalence was significantly higher in the rainy season (59.18%) (p<0.001), and on diarrheic animals (51.44%) (p<0.001). The prevalence of infection is significantly higher in calves aged < 3 (69.28%) (p<0.001), on calves of semi-intensive (55.15%) and intensive (31.25%) farms (p<0.001). The prevalence varied significantly between 35.51% in Mayo-Rey and 53.84% in Mayo-Louti (p<0.05), and between 37.68% in calves from NEC= [3; 5] and 64.28% in those from BCN= [0; 1] (p<0.01). According to risk of infection, calves aged <3 months and 3-6 months were respectively 11.69 and 3.19 at risk to be infected (OR=11.694; p<0.001; OR=3.193; p<0.001 respectively). At the same time, the risk of infection is higher on diarrheic calves (OR=4.43; p<0.001), in the rainy season (OR=4.298; p<0.001), on calves of BCN= [0; 1] (OR=2.76; p<0.05), in the intensive system (OR=0.499; p<0.05). Cryptosporidiosis is present and very distributed among calves of this region. The disease could be a major animal and human health problem considering his impact and the zoonotic oocyst capacity of transmission.

ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is now recognized as one of the most serious global threats to human health in the 21st century. This study is set out to investigate the resistance pattern of Enterobacterales from clinical isolates in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria. Three hundred and twenty isolates of Enterobacterales were isolated from different clinical samples and identified using the Analytical Profile Index 20E. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and the antibiotics tested include Augmentin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Penicillin G, Amikacin, Meropenem, Cotrimoxazole and Gentamicin. Classification into multi drug resistance (MDR), Extensive drug resistance (XDR) and Pan drug resistance (PDR) was done using the international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences v23. Escherichia coli 165 (51.6%) was the most often isolated bacterium, followed in that other by Klebsiella pneumoniae 93 (29.1%). The highest level of resistance was observed in Co-trimoxazole 278 (86.9%), while the least was observed in Meropenem 49 (15.3%). Amikacin 92 (28.7%), Augmentin 178 (55.6%), Ceftriaxone 164 (51.4%), Ceftazidime 187 (58.4%), Gentamicin 192 (60.0%), Cefepime 113 (35.3%), Ciprofloxacin 120 (43.8%), and Penicillin G 278 (86.9%). Multi drug, Extensive drug and Pan drug resistance accounts for 80.3%, 11.9% and 4.0% respectively. The prevalence of the quinolone resistance gene was found to be 5.3%. This study addressed some key knowledge gaps as pertains to antibiotic sensitivity and resistance patterns in our region, making a significant contribution towards filling the global resistance map.

ABSTRACT
The Southern United States remains disproportionately burdened by HIV, with persistently high diagnosis rates, elevated community viral loads, and severe disparities in clinical trial participation among minority populations. This comparative study analyzes case studies from five Southern metropolitan statistical areas alongside literature on structural inequities and clinical research exclusion. Findings reveal that despite community strengths—such as faith-based institutions and dedicated local healthcare providers—systemic barriers, including outdated federal funding formulas, policy inertia, and persistent medical mistrust, undermine HIV care and research equity in the region. Elevated community viral load levels in segregated and rural Southern communities correlate with healthcare inaccessibility, poverty concentration, and stigma. Additionally, Southern minority populations are grossly underrepresented in HIV clinical trials, with participation rates falling far below their epidemiological burden. This exclusion jeopardizes both the scientific validity of research outcomes and equitable access to emerging biomedical interventions. The study recommends realigning federal resource allocation, expanding decentralized care and research infrastructures, integrating culturally competent recruitment strategies, and leveraging community-based participatory research models. Without regionally tailored interventions that address the structural and sociocultural realities of the South, national efforts to end the HIV epidemic will continue to falter.