ABSTRACT
Centric relation plays significant role in establishing dental occlusion in artificial prosthesis, while at the same time it cannot be violated by any restorative procedures. Across various times of dental prosthodontic evolution, the centric relation has been defined in different contexts with an attempt to make it more clinically understandable. In the past few decades, with the evolution of digital dentistry, there has also been significant developments in computer related graphics and simulation which has led to better understanding of difficult scientific interpretations. This article in the form of a review has been aimed to appraise the current literature related to centric relation in terms of its definitions, methods and clinical complications. The review also attempts to review most common method of recording centric relation.

ABSTRACT
A rare adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) was reported by a young 14-year-old female student that was associated with missing teeth. The patient did not have any significant medical or dental abnormalities except for a swelling in the right side of the face. Radiographic investigations showed a mixed radiolucent and radiopaque lesion associated with few missing teeth. The maxillary sinus was obliterated. The lesion was surgically excised, and a histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of AOT. The patient was later successfully rehabilitated with a removable partial prosthesis.

ABSTRACT
Complete removal of old filling material is essential for successful endodontic retreatment. While a variety of techniques—such as hand files, rotary NiTi instruments, ultrasonic devices, and lasers—are available, none are fully effective, particularly in anatomically complex oval-shaped canals. Supplementary instruments have been introduced to improve outcomes. This study evaluated the efficacy of the XP-Endo Finisher R (XPEF-R) in removing root canal filling material after retreatment with three different NiTi rotary systems: ProTaper Universal Retreatment (PTUR), ProTaper Next (PTN), and WaveOne Gold (WOG). A total of 36 extracted mandibular incisors with single, straight, oval-shaped canals were standardized and initially prepared using the XP Endo Shaper system. The canals were obturated with gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer using warm vertical compaction. Specimens were divided into three groups (n=12) and retreated with PTUR, PTN, or WOG. Micro-CT scans were used to measure the volume of residual filling material. Following this, all samples underwent supplementary instrumentation with XPEF-R. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test. The greatest volume of material was removed from the full canal length, though differences among canal sections were not statistically significant. PTUR showed the most effective performance across all levels. While XPEF-R further reduced residual material, the reduction was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The PTUR and XPEF-R combination yielded the best results, but not significantly better than the other groups. In conclusion, the combination of the XP-Endo Finisher R with other rotary Ni-Ti systems is effective for the retreatment of oval-shaped canals, with the ProTaper Universal Retreatment system being superior.

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Abstract: Hyperlipidemia, characterized by elevated lipid levels in the blood, is a critical risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of hyperlipidemia, including its classification and lipid transport mechanisms. Various experimental models—diet-induced, genetic, and chemical—used to replicate hyperlipidemia in animals are discussed, highlighting their mechanisms and outcomes. Furthermore, the review explores the role of medicinal plants with antihyperlipidemic potential, including Cynara cardunculus, Medicago sativa, Allium sativum, Ginger, and Flax seeds. These herbs exhibit lipid-lowering effects via multiple mechanisms such as antioxidant activity, inhibition of lipid synthesis, and enhancement of cholesterol excretion. Their efficacy, often comparable to standard pharmaceuticals like statins, positions them as promising alternatives or adjuncts in hyperlipidemia management. The review underscores the potential of integrating traditional medicine with modern therapeutic approaches to combat hyperlipidemia effectively.

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Abstract: Background: Dental caries remains a major public health concern among children globally, with prevalence rates differing between urban and rural regions. This study aims to assess the prevalence of dental caries among school-going children in Jamalpur, Bangladesh, and identify associated risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2023 to December 2023 at the 250-bed General Hospital in Jamalpur. A total of 200 school-going children aged 6 to 12 years were recruited, with an equal distribution of 100 children from urban and 100 from rural areas. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and clinical examinations to assess dental caries prevalence. Results: The overall prevalence of dental caries among participants was 68%. A significant difference was observed between urban (60%) and rural (76%) children (χ² = 6.25, p = 0.012). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that children whose parents had primary education or less (OR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3–3.4, p = 0.002), those from low socio-economic backgrounds (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.1–3.0, p = 0.015), and those consuming sugary snacks more than three times a week (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5–4.2, p < 0.001) were at a higher risk of dental caries. Additionally, infrequent tooth brushing (less than twice daily) was significantly associated with dental caries (OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.6–4.8, p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study emphasizes the significant occurrence of dental caries among school-aged children in Jamalpur, with a higher prevalence in rural areas. Factors such as socio-economic status, dietary patterns, and oral hygiene habits play a crucial role in increasing the risk of dental caries. The results highlight the necessity for focused public health initiatives to enhance children's oral health in Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT
Background: The long-term performance of dental implants is a critical factor in determining the success of restorative dental procedures. Zirconia and titanium are two commonly used materials for dental implants, each offering distinct advantages in terms of biocompatibility and aesthetic appeal. However, comparative studies on their long-term clinical outcomes remain limited. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the long-term clinical performance of zirconia and titanium dental implants over a 12-month period, with a focus on implant survival rates, marginal bone loss (MBL), peri-implant soft tissue health, and complication incidence. Methods: This prospective comparative study included 100 patients who received either zirconia or titanium dental implants. Radiographic assessments were performed to evaluate marginal bone loss at baseline and at 12 months post-loading. Clinical evaluations included probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), and keratinized tissue width (KTW). The incidence of complications such as implant fractures, peri-implantitis, and prosthetic failure was also recorded. Results: Both zirconia and titanium implants demonstrated high survival rates at the 12-month follow-up, with titanium implants showing a slightly higher survival rate (98%) compared to zirconia implants (94%). Marginal bone loss was minimal in both groups, with zirconia implants showing 0.50 ± 0.15 mm and titanium implants showing 0.47 ± 0.13 mm. Peri-implant soft tissue health was comparable, with probing depth values of 2.8 ± 0.5 mm for zirconia and 2.7 ± 0.4 mm for titanium implants. The incidence of complications was low, with zirconia implants experiencing a slightly higher rate of peri-implantitis (4%) compared to titanium implants (2%), while prosthetic failure was more frequent in titanium implants (2%). Conclusion: Both zirconia and titanium dental implants demonstrated favorable long-term clinical performance over a 12-month period. Titanium impl

ABSTRACT
Disinfection and sterilization are, nowadays for dento-facial orthopedics as for all medical professions an unavoidable obligation, its objective is to prevent infectious risks both for the patient and the health care team. Objective: Checking the effectiveness of the disinfection process of orthodontic pliers. Material and Methods: This is a serial case study, carried out at the Zabana Dental Clinic of Blida University Hospital Centre and the Microbiology Unit of the Central Laboratory of the University Hospital centre unit Frantz Fanon. The study involved 54 orthodontic pliers. Each instrument was swabbed three swabs, one directly after contact with the patient’s oral cavity, and two after 10 and 15 minutes of disinfection. Results: Microbiological analysis showed that: 100% of the instruments orthodontic pliers collected not disinfected are contaminated by bacteria with polymicrobial cultures mainly composed of Streptococci, Neisseria and Micrococcus. 43.75% of Orthodontic pliers disinfected for 10 minutes are contaminated with bacteria. 24.07% of orthodontic pliers disinfected for 15 minutes are contaminated with bacteria. The disinfection rate of orthodontic pliers was 35.18% after the first disinfection time, and 75.92% after the second disinfection time with p < .05, the difference is significant. In the fight against infections associated with care and to reduce cross-infections transmission, sterilization of reusable instruments, and the use of medical to Single use is the best way to ensure the safety of patients and staff from infectious risk.