ABSTRACT
This research explores four factors, namely leadership positions, career management, career development, and work motivation for employees. The objectives of this study are to analyze and explain the impact of leadership's position on work motivation by examining career management and career development as they interfere. The respondents of this study are permanent employees of the marketing department of PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk. Malang Martadinata Branch Office. A total of 41 people were sampled in this study. The analysis techniques are descriptive and multiple linear regression for confirmation on a structural equation model created by the researcher. A quantitative approach was chosen to explain the influence between research variables. Data collection using questionnaires. The results of this study found that the role of leadership showed insignificant symptoms on work motivation, but had a positive impact if mediated by career management and career development.

ABSTRACT
Purpose: The paper aims to analyse audit team characteristics that were perceived to be affected on audit quality. Specifically, it focuses principally on whether audit team characteristics, i.e., independence, continuous education and training, experience and professional conduct enhances audit quality. This study examines the moderating effect of the external environment audit i.e., professional bodies, laws and regulations, and recognized standards in the relationship between audit team characteristics and audit quality. Design/methodology/approach: Multiple regression analysis is applied to examine the association between variables of the study. A questionnaire survey was conducted of 251 external auditors, by personally administered questionnaire from Libyan the Association of Accountants and Auditors (LAAA) . Findings: the audit team characteristics have positively and significantly related to audit quality. As well as the regression analysis............

ABSTRACT
This paper examined the effect of interest rate on real sector output growth in Nigeria through the period 1985 to 2019. Data were obtained from the World Bank Database on World Development Indicators and the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The data were analysed using Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test, Cointegration, and the Error Correction Mechanism. The unit root test revealed that the variables were stationary at mixed order of levels and first difference necessitating the test for co-integration. The co-integration test supported the existence of a long run equilibrium relationship between interest rate and real sector output growth. Also, interest rate was observed to exert a negative and significant effect on real sector growth. Thus, a unit percentage increase in interest rate is likely to lead to a 0.274% decrease in real sector output growth. The error correction term showed that 59.9% of the short run disequilibrium in real sector output growth is corrected annually. The paper recommended a cheap monetary policy that will keep interest rate at a favourable level so as to encourage investors to borrow.

ABSTRACT
Nepal government had established National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) for the Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures. Chitwan is one of the least affected districts where Bharatpur Metropolitan City lies. In Bharatpur, there were 711 total victims whose houses were completely destroyed by Earthquake. According to NRA, the Earthquake victims are the beneficiary of 3 lakhs grants for reconstruction of their houses in three installments. In the case study of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, we had conducted research on effect of COVID-19 on labor management for reconstruction works of those victims from 15th September 2019 till 07th September 2020. The reconstruction activities were halted completely for two and half months in lockdown periods. The major problem for this was due to lack of labors and materials scarcity in local market. As most of the labors working on Bharatpur were found to be from Country Border areas like Bara, Parsa, Siraha, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sunsari, Morang, etc and from India too; lockdown had stopped them to reach their destiny and other problem was the fear of COVID-19 transmission. Local government shall manage labors effectively by producing local masons of its own area rather than depending upon outsiders and provide the local masons with proper trainings and uplift the reconstruction works by following the health protocols as explained by WHO and Health Offices. The study is limited to assess the impact new provision of labour permit system.

ABSTRACT
This study investigated the relationship between human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria within the period 1990 to 2018. Annual time series data collected from the World Development Indicators (WDI), Central Bank of Nigeria Bulletin and the National Bureau of Statistics were used. Gross domestic product (GDP) was used as proxy for economic growth. The exogenous variables for human capital development were Human Capital (HC), government expenditure on education (GXE), government expenditure on health (GXH), life expectancy (LE), and fertility rate (FE). The vector autoregressive (VAR), Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Philip Perron (PP) test were employed. The results showed that FE had an inverse significant relationship with GDP while HC, GXE, GXH, LE had a direct significant relationship with GDP. A long run relation was established in the study. The paper recommended that the Nigerian government should evolve practicable framework for improved investment in key human capital development deliverables especially education and health which remains germane to labour productivity and economic development.

ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the effect of leadership style and compensation on company performance with job satisfaction as intervening variables. The research was conducted at PT Arminareka Perdana. The research sample was 70 respondents. The sampling technique used random sampling techniques and data analysis techniques used path analysis. The results showed that the leadership style variables affect company performance. The compensation variable affects company performance. Job satisfaction variables affect company performance. The influence of leadership style on company performance through employee job satisfaction is 0.216. In this case, the direct effect is greater than the indirect effect, so it can be said that the job satisfaction variable is not intervening. The effect of compensation on employee performance through job satisfaction is 0.253. In this case, the direct effect is greater than the indirect effect, so it can be said that the job satisfaction variable is not intervening.

ABSTRACT
This study aims to examine organizational citizenship behavior and discipline on company performance through motivation. The research was conducted at PT Henkel Indonesia with a sample size of 222 respondents. The sampling technique is saturated sample and data analysis uses path analysis. The results showed that organizational citizenship behavior variables partially influence company performance. The discipline variable partially affects company performance. Motivation variables partially affect company performance. Organizational citizenship behavior variables partially influence motivation. The discipline variable partially affects motivation. The effect of organizational citizenship behavior on company performance is 0.600. The influence of organizational citizenship behavior on performance through motivation is 0.712 x 0.878 = 0.625. The direct effect of organizational citizenship behavior on company performance is 0.657. While the influence of work organizational citizenship behavior on company performance through motivation is 0.772 x 0.878 = 0.678. In this case, the work motivation variable is intervening.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: The changing international/external economic environment, which is characterized by rapid globalization, expansion of foreign direct investment (FDI), trade liberalization, and technological developments, is creating both opportunities for and risks in achieving development objectives in Sudan. Within that international context and having in mind the difficult Sudanese external economic situation characterized by debt, embargos, deterioration of oil revenues and foreign exchange reserves, and loss of exports, the issue of FDI, in particular, and flows of foreign resources to the country, in general, need to be kept at the center of attention. As explained in a World Bank report [9].