ABSTRACT
The increasing use of computed tomography (CT) in injury management is a growing concern as ionizing radiation (IR) is associated with cancer-related risks especially in young persons, who are most affected by injuries. This study aimed to assess ionizing radiation exposure from head CT in patients with injuries and to propose CT dose age-specific diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). Data was extracted from two prospectively collected CT registries over a period of 5 years at two community-based university-affiliated hospitals from 2019 to 2024. The linear relationship between CT dose (dose-length product; DLP) and age was assessed using Pearson’s correlation whilst linear regression was used to determine the strength of the relationship. The 75th percentiles and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the DLP were determined. Eligible initial head CT scans for patients with injuries were 1,155. There were 685 (59.31%) males (sex ratio of 1.5:1) and overall median age of 33 years (interquartile range: 21 to 46). Road traffic injuries were the source of injury in 1090 individuals (94.37%; 95% CI: 92.88 - 95.63%), followed by falls (50 cases; 4.33%; 95% CI: 3.23 - 5.67%) and assaults (10 cases; 0.87%; 95% CI: 0.42 – 1.59). The median DLP was 1,062 mGy.cm (range: 264 to 1,954 mGy.cm). There was a positive linear relationship between the DLP and the age of the patients (Pearson’s rho = 0.38, p<0.001). DRLs were comparable to international values. Measures to curb the rising incidence of injuries and the continuous implementation of CT optimization techniques will reduce IR exposure.

ABSTRACT
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in radiology, especially for chest computed tomography (CT) scan analysis, marked a significant advancement in medical diagnostics, aiming to improve patient care and streamline the workflow for radiologists. This review article examined the role of current AI technologies, including machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), convolutional neural networks (CNN), and radiomics, in enhancing the detection and characterisation of lung diseases. These technologies are instrumental in identifying complex patterns within imaging data and constructing more informed decisions regarding disease severity, progression, and potential treatment options. Deep learning and CNN have demonstrated effectiveness in analysing the intricate details present in chest CT scans, offering a high degree of accuracy. Radiomics complements these methods by extracting quantitative features from medical images, providing deeper insights into disease characteristics that are not visible through standard imaging techniques. The application of AI has shown promise in improving the diagnosis and management of interstitial lung diseases and lung cancers, contributing to the development of personalised treatment plans. However, this review also highlights limitations, such as small sample sizes in studies, which may impact the generalisability of AI applications in this field. Despite these challenges, the ongoing incorporation of AI into radiological practices is anticipated to significantly enhance the accuracy and efficiency of lung disease diagnostics, setting a foundation for future research and improvements in clinical practice.

ABSTRACT
Neglected ruptures of the patellar tendon are rare and severe injuries. Their diagnosis is strongly suspected based on clinical examination, but confirmation is provided through imaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is equally important for surgical planning. Here, we report a case of a patient with a neglected rupture of the patellar tendon to highlight the role of MRI in diagnosis. Surgical repair was performed using the semitendinosus tendon and wire framing.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: At the end of the year 2019 a novel virus named SARS-CoV-2 caused Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19), manifesting as lung infection which can result in severe pneumonia. The gold standard for diagnosis of the virus is the detection of viral RNA through reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of diagnostic yield of chest imaging modalities in the diagnosis of COVID-19 in patients admitted to the Imam Khomeini hospital, Tehran, Iran during march 2020 until July 2020. Results: 204 hospitalized patients with a mean age of 58.5 years, diagnosed with COVID-19 were enrolled in this study, who had their disease confirmed by PCR. About 20% of patients had normal O2 Saturation (above 93%) and 80% had low O2 Saturation. Also 70% of patients were hospitalized to the ICU. Among investigated patients, 87.6% had abnormal findings in their CXR. Also, 97.1% of patients had abnormal CT-Scan. In this study, the sensitivity of the CXR in the diagnosis of COVID-19 was 87.5% (CI 95%, 83 to 91) and the sensitivity of the chest CT-Scan was 97.1% (CI 95%, 94.8 to 99). Discussion: Utilizing CXR as a first-line imaging modality is recommended in many countries and clinical settings and chest CT-Scan is mainly reserved for other additional roles. This study reveals a CXR sensitivity of 87.5% which is in accordance with the recent literature (69-90%).

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Uterine arteriovenous malformations can either be congenital or acquired and are rare vascular disorders seen in women of child bearing age, with varied presentation. The clinical features range from being asymptomatic to life threatening haemorrhage. Imaging, particularly grey scale and color Doppler ultrasonography play a major role in the prompt diagnosis of this condition as the findings are useful when differentiating between the types as well as in planning the management of these patients. Objectives: To make a report of a rare case of arteriovenous malformation of the uterus in a young female patient with a review of relevant literature as well as to highlight the importance of Colour Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of uterine lesions. Case Presentation: The case is of a 36year old female patient with a 2 years history of amenorrhoea following multiple sessions of dilatation and curettage. She also had chemotherapy due to choriocarcinoma. Pregnancy test was negative. Pelvic ultrasound scan done showed multiple cystic tubular spaces that were hypervascular on colour Doppler interrogation. High velocities and low RI values were recorded. Conclusion: Uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are important rare vascular disorders of the uterine vessels that need to be recognized early on imaging for appropriate management to be instituted.

ABSTRACT
A 16-year-old male presented with abdominal pain over 12 months, that had acutely worsened over the 5 days pre-presentation. Preliminary outpatient investigations revealed thrombocytopaenia 90(platelets per microliter), and a pelvic spleen on abdominal ultrasound. Contrast enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis in the portal venous phase confirmed a pelvic spleen with torsion of the splenic hilum. The spleen appeared hypoechoic on ultrasound. On CT, the spleen had heterogeneous enhancement with some irregularly shaped regions of hypoenhancement. There was a swirl (at least two complete turns) in the splenic vascular pedicle in the left abdomen. The splenic artery demonstrated some enhancement, but no enhancement of the splenic vein. The pancreatic tail was also involved in the torted vascular pedicle. No pancreatic duct dilation, and no infarct of pancreatic parenchyma were found. A small amount of free fluid around the spleen was found with no free gas. The portal vein enhanced normally. Lack of convincing enhancement of the splenic vein and heterogenous appearance of the spleen were suspicious for early splenic ischaemia. Laparotomy revealed an engorged twisted spleen around its pedicles. The spleen was identified in the pelvis with a torted vascular pedicle, which was subsequently detorted and manipulated back into the left upper quadrant (LUQ), with a pre-peritoneal space formed in the LUQ, the spleen was inserted into this pocket.

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Thyroid localization of breast cancer is rare and has a poor prognosis. Common metastatic sites of mammary carcinoma are pulmonary, hepatic and bone. Clinical diagnosis of thyroid metastasis from malignancy is difficult. We report a case of thyroid metastasis of mammary origin. We then discuss the diagnostic methods and their peculiarities in the identification of such lesions. Observation: This was a 47-year-old patient who underwent a left mastectomy with ipsilateral axillary lymph node dissection in 2014 and was presented 9 years later following the onset of a thyroid mass and right spinal lymphadenopathy. Cervical imaging revealed cervical lymphadenopathy of spinal site and nodular goiter classified as EU-TIRADS 4. A cytopuncture of the cervical lymphadenopathy and thyroid nodule is performed. Cytology revealed thyroid metastasis from mammary carcinoma and metastatic cervical lymphadenopathy. The patient underwent surgery (total thyroidectomy) confirming the diagnosis. Conclusion: The diagnosis of thyroid metastasis should be suspected in patients with a history of neoplasia prior to nodular goiter. The treatment for these metastases is that of primary cancer.