ABSTRACT
Sphenoid sinus meningoencephaloceles are rare basal skull defects characterized by herniation of meninges and brain tissue into the sphenoid sinus. They can present with nonspecific symptoms such as chronic headache and may be mistaken for benign sinus pathology. We report a case of a patient with persistent headache and CSF rhinorrhoea in whom imaging revealed herniation of the right temporal lobe and the meninges through a bony defect in the right lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus, identified by High Resolution CT of the paranasal sinuses and MR Cisternography. This case underscores the importance of considering skull base defects in the differential diagnosis of isolated sphenoid sinus lesions and highlights the utility of combined CT and MRI imaging. Timely diagnosis and surgical intervention are crucial to prevent complications such as meningitis or neurologic deterioration.

ABSTRACT
Background: Hypertension is a serious worldwide health concern, significantly contributing to cardiac complications such as myocardial ischemia and heart failure. Chest discomfort, in hypertensive patients, can be a sign of serious illnesses such as myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Echocardiography is a non-invasive imaging that is essential for assessing the structure and function of the heart. It can identify cardiac disorders like diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which are more prevalent in hypertensive patients. As such, an echocardiographic examination can improve cardiac diagnosis and offer insightful information about cardiac health. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate echocardiographic findings of hypertensive patients who presented with chest pain at the University Teaching Adult Hospital (UTH-Adult Hospital). Methods: This study utilised a quantitative cross sectional study design. Purposeful sampling was used to select a total of 110 participants who were examined using echocardiography. Data was collected from July to September, 2025. Results: The majority of the research participants were females (80; 72.73%) and had abnormal echocardiography findings (95; 86.36%). The most predominate echocardiography finding in this study was diastolic dysfunction, grade 1 (89; 80.91%). This study also found that there were no significant associations between echocardiographic parameters and the clinical manifestation of chest pain. (RVOT, p=0.701; LVd, p=0.878; LA, p=0.728; F/S, p=0.740; EF, p=0.734; IVSd, p=0.352: LVPWd, p=0.688; AoR, p=0.442; Diastolic function, p=0.518). Conclusion: This study showed that most patients maintained sufficient left ventricular performance despite some functional alterations. This could be attributed to early hypertensive stage. It found no significant relationship between echocardiography parameters and the clinical presentation of chest pain. This suggests that chest pain, may be multi

ABSTRACT
Background: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in preterm infants. This condition results from surfactant deficiency and structural immaturity of the lungs, leading to impaired gas exchange. Chest X-ray remains an important diagnostic tool for confirming respiratory distress syndrome and assessing disease severity, especially in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to evaluate the chest X-ray findings in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and determine the association between gestational age and disease severity. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from June 2024 to July 2025. A total of 110 neonates with clinically suspected respiratory distress syndrome were included. Data were collected prospectively using structured forms to record the demographic characteristics and radiological findings. Chest X-ray images were evaluated to identify characteristic patterns and severity grading. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: Most neonates were preterm and had a low birth weight. The most common radiological finding was a ground-glass or reticulogranular pattern (83.6 %), followed by an air bronchogram (70.9%) and reduced lung volume (66.4%). Grade II severity was the most frequently observed (37.3%). A significant association was found between gestational age and severity of respiratory distress syndrome (p=0.002), with severe disease being more common in neonates less than 34 weeks of gestation. Conclusion: Chest X-ray demonstrates characteristic radiological patterns that help diagnose and assess the severity of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Early identification of imaging features may facilitate timely management and improve the neonatal outcomes.

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Background and Objective: Among Zambian women, uterine fibroids are the most common benign gynaecological tumours, causing significant morbidity and infertility. There is inadequate information demonstrating a link between the sonographic features of uterine fibroids and blood oestrogen levels, despite theories suggesting oestrogen as the main risk factor. The study aimed to explore the relationship between the profiled sonographic characteristics of uterine fibroids and oestrogen hormone levels in women of reproductive age (15-49 years) at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital (LMUTH), Lusaka, Zambia. Methodology: This was a quantitative, cross-sectional study. One hundred and forty-two reproductive-age women confirmed to have uterine fibroids on ultrasound were recruited. An ultrasound was performed, followed by a laboratory test for oestrogen levels. A questionnaire was also used to obtain participants' demographic, uterine fibroid sonographic characteristics and oestrogen hormone levels. Descriptive and inferential statistics were run for the analysis. Results: The median age was 33years (IQR 29-38), and the BMI median was 30 (IQR 24.6-35). The majority of the participants were either overweight or obese (61.1%). Furthermore, the majority were nulliparous (35%) and had a positive family history of fibroids (61%). The prevalence of elevated oestrogen levels among uterine fibroid participants was 61.3% (N=87/142). There was a statistically significant association between the size of UFs and oestrogen level (r = 0.844, p = 0.001), statistically significant positive relationship between submucosal UFs and oestrogen hormone level (r= 0.513, p = 0.001). There was a significant positive relationship between hypoechoic fibroids and oestrogen hormone level was observed (r=0.290, p = 0.001), the number of UFs against oestrogen level showed a strong positive relationship (r=0.710, p= 0.001). Conclusion: The study reviewed that there is a correlation between oestrogen

ABSTRACT
Primary vertebral bone lymphoma is a rare malignant tumor, representing less than 5% of primary bone tumors and about 2-3% of all lymphomas [2-4]. It more commonly affects middle-aged and older adults (with a median age around 50-60 years), with a slight male predominance [1-5]. Its clinical and radiological presentation is non-specific and highly suggestive of other infectious, inflammatory, or tumoral pathologies of the spine, making it a true diagnostic challenge. Diagnostic delay is common and impacts prognosis. This review aims to synthesize the main differential diagnoses of vertebral lymphoma, focusing on the clinical, biological, and imaging elements that help guide the diagnosis. Histological analysis remains the cornerstone of the definitive diagnosis. An integrated multidisciplinary approach is essential for optimal management

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Background: Digitisation in medical imaging – the process of converting analogue images to digital formats – has transformed healthcare by enabling improved data management, storage and sharing. However, data regarding its implementation in Chad are lacking. Objective: To assess the current state of medical imaging digitisation in major public and private hospitals in N'Djamena, Chad. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from April to July 2024 across the medical imaging departments of 16 hospitals (7 public, 9 private). Data were collected using a standardised questionnaire administered to department heads, technologists and coordinators. Consecutive, non-probabilistic sampling was employed. Variables included personnel, equipment type and age, digital image sharing, archiving, file formats, maintenance, challenges and benefits. Statistical analysis was performed using Sphinx software. Results: Radiologists constituted 6.3% of respondents. The majority of hospitals used digital equipment (direct digital: 46.8%; indirect digital: 48.8%). Key obstacles to digitisation were the high cost of equipment (41.9%) and equipment obsolescence (29%). Perceived benefits included immediate image viewing/film savings (34.2%) and data transmission (29.8%). However, 93.8% of facilities lacked a Hospital Information System (HIS) or PACS. The main causes of equipment failure were electrical power fluctuations (46.2%) and incorrect use by staff (42.3%). Conclusion: Whilst digital equipment is prevalent, its full potential in N'Djamena is hampered by a critical shortage of radiologists, the absence of integrated IT infrastructure (PACS/HIS), maintenance issues and an ageing equipment fleet. Strategic investment in specialist training, resilient technical and IT infrastructure, and preventive maintenance programmes are essential to harness digitisation for improved diagnostic care.

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Background: Repeated blood transfusion remains a cornerstone in the management of chronic hematological disorders but is associated with significant biochemical and hematological alterations, including iron overload, hepatic dysfunction, and electrolyte imbalance. Objective: To assess biochemical and hematological changes associated with repeated blood transfusion among patients attending a tertiary hospital. Methods: This hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study involved 120 participants comprising 80 patients who had received ≥3 blood transfusions in the preceding 12 months and 40 age- and sex-matched controls with ≤1 transfusion. Hematological parameters were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer, while biochemical assays were performed using standard spectrophotometric methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Independent t-test, Pearson correlation, and linear regression were applied. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Repeatedly transfused patients had significantly higher mean serum ferritin (486.3 ± 162.5 ng/mL vs 168.4 ± 72.1 ng/mL; p<0.001), ALT, AST, bilirubin, and potassium levels compared to controls. Serum calcium was significantly lower in transfused patients (p=0.02). Serum ferritin showed a strong positive correlation with transfusion frequency (r=0.64, p<0.001). Conclusion: Repeated blood transfusion is associated with significant biochemical and hematological alterations, particularly iron overload and hepatic dysfunction. Routine laboratory monitoring is recommended for early detection and prevention of transfusion-related complications.