ABSTRACT
Objective: The purpose of this study was to find out the knowledge and perception about the psycho-social causes of mental illness in northern Nigeria. Method: The study used qualitative method; in-depth one-on-one interview with ten (10) participants between the ages of 20-60 years old. All participants consented to participate and they were used purposively sampled. No form of coercion was used to attract or retain them. The interviews were audio taped and transcribed verbatim after which content analysis was done to identify themes and categories. Result: A key finding in this study indicated that family/home and spiritualwas the cause of mentalillness. Other findings includes: relationship, resources, and occupations. Conclusion: Further study could be done on the same subject using large number of participants and it was also recommended that health care providers should create an avenue to enlighten their clients on causes of mental illness.

ABSTRACT
Background: One of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus is diabetic retinopathy, which is preventable and treatable if it has early been detected. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the educational program on diabetic patients’ knowledge and attitude regarding diabetes and diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods: pre- test and post-test design was used at El rebat Center and Soba Diabetic Clinic. The participants were interviewed using structured questionnaire, and educational program. Forty seven patients completed the study. Data was collected and analyzed using SPSS version 16, (confidence level 0.95, and error margin 0.05). Results: Most of the respondents (63.8%) were females. The majority (53.19%) were in the age group 40-50 years. Housewives represented 63.8% and 39.13 of the participants had primary level of education. The duration of illness was 3-5 years in 44% of the participants and 90% of the participants have begun to develop diabetes complications. 66.6% of the participants had family history of diabetes mellitus.The test given two weeks after the educational program showed significant improvement in patients’ knowledge regarding diabetes (P_value 0.00) and diabetic retinopathy (P_value 0.00). Patients’ attitude towards eye examination significantly improved when evaluated two weeks after the educational program (P_value 0.00).during follow up a significant decrease in patients’ knowledge regarding diabetes and diabetic retinopathy was noted (P_value 0.00), and the attitude towards eye examination became significantly negative (P_valu 0.00).Conclusion: The instructional educational program brings positive change in diabetic patients’ knowledge and attitude regarding diabetes and diabetic retinopathy for short duration. For long term, adoption of worldwide educational programs and strategies will insure better out come.

ABSTRACT
Documentation is an important aspect in nursing practice. Hospital Accreditation National Standard (SNARS) Edition-1 requires that patient care plans must be created and documented, and documentary evidence can be reviewed in the patient's medical record. Many obstacles have been faced by nurses in implementing nursing process documentation properly, including the lack of competence and lack of training in documenting the nursing process. The purposes of this study are to assess the influence of nursing process and documentation training on nurse’s knowledge of nursing process and documentation, and to assess the influence of nursing process and documentation training on implementing of nursing process documentation in patient medical records based on SNARS Edition-1. This is quantitative research with one group pre and posttest design. Samples are 68 nurses taken by purposive sampling according to criteria established by researchers. Patient medical record samples totaling 68 medical records. Data were analyzed by Paired T-Test to compare the value of pretest-posttest nurse’s knowledge and pretest-posttest implementation of nursing process documentation in the same sample group. The results show that there is a significant increase in nurse’s knowledge about nursing process and documentation before and after training (p-value=0,000), a significant increase on implementing of nursing process documentation before and after training (p-value=0,000). In conclusion, the nursing process and documentation training is able to increase nurse’s knowledge about the nursing process and documentation, and can improve implementing of nursing process documentation.

ABSTRACT
The nursing therapeutic model that focuses on minimizing psychotic symptoms, without psychology and social rehabilitation, will reduce patient engagement and independence. Whereas, milieu therapy provides a structured environment with involving patients in active milieu to re-establish patient for controlling their own life or recovery. The purpose of the study is to investigate fundamental values that controlled nurses’ environment in inpatient care delivery in acute wards. The study is action research with qualitative and explorative design. Dialogue-based learning was an important intervention in the study. The dialogues were held on nine meetings for discussing some issues regarding the principles of milieu therapy. After dialogues, participants were encouraged to apply some milieu therapy principles in the field to upgrade nursing practice. Data were collected by multi-step focus group interviews. The focus group interviews were held three times on the sidelines of dialogues. About eight nurses of each of two acute wards were recruited as respondents by purposive sampling. Data were analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The finding presents some values that important in mental health care delivery, including respect and empathy, mutual trust, safety, and comfort, autonomy and independence, equity and humanity, and openness and predictable. The values that were identified are important to use for upgrading the quality of nursing practice. The nurses are expected to use the values in developing therapeutic milieu with creating therapeutic environment that is secure, full support, predictable, committed.

ABSTRACT
Vegetables and fruits have been recommended to diabetes patients to control blood glucose. Vegetarian diet is one of options for patients with diabetes. This paper aimed to examine the role of vegetarian diets in improving glycemic control, metabolic parameters, and body weight among patients with type 2 diabetes. Digital archives including MEDLINE, CINAHL, CENTRAL databases and hand searches from 1980 to 2013 were performed. Studies are eligible in case of randomized controlled trials [RCTs] with vegetarian diets as an intervention among patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as outcomes including glycemic control, metabolic parameters, and body weight. Meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan 5. Nine hundred eighty three potentially articles were identified from initial search. After removing illegible studies, five studies were included in the systematic review. Yet, only three studies were included in meta-analysis. The vegetarian diets had a significant effect on all of parameters, except fasting plasma glucose that is in borderline. The HbA1c was decreased on 0.20. On the metabolic parameters i.e. cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL were declined to 0.17, 0.28, 0.13, and 0.10, respectively. Body weight was reduced approximately 1.41 among type 2 diabetes patients those consuming vegetarian diet. Vegetarian diets have significant benefits in improving glycemic index, metabolic parameters, as well as body weight. These findings suggest that vegetarian diets could be an option among diabetes patients, since it is beneficial on glycemic control, metabolic parameters, and weight loss.

ABSTRACT
Background: The background of this study is the changes in the causes of death from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases. One of the non-communicable diseases which become the dominant health problem in developed and developing countries is hypertension. Risk factors for increased blood pressure include age, heredity, smoking habits, excessive salt consumption, cholesterol, stress, and overweight or obesity. Reflexology is a practice of massaging specific points on the hands and feet, which gives a sense of comfort and helps relieve stress. Hypertension in the older person occurs due to the thickening of the arterial wall resulting in a buildup of collagen in the muscle layer, so that the blood vessels gradually constrict and become stiff. The constriction of the circulatory system results in an increase in blood pressure above normal values. Reflexology is a type of treatment that adopts the strength and endurance of the body by providing a massage. However, there is still insufficient research on reflexology to reduce hypertension in the elderly. Purpose: Purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the effect of reflexology before and after provided to hypertensive patients. Methods: This study was Quasi-experimental research using One-Group Pretest-Posttest design Without Control Group. The blood pressure was measured twice before and after Reflexology was performed to the patients with hypertension. The reflexology is performed in the feet, every morning after breakfast for around 20 minutes, for 6 days. This study was conducted at the Werdha Wening Wardoyo Nursing Home, Ungaran Semarang, Central Java. Inclusion criteria are the hypertensive elderly without medication. Exclusion criteria are hypertensive elderly with complications. The research instrument was a calibrated mercury sphygmomanometer. The data were analyzed using a Wilcoxon test, because the data are not normally distributed. Results: before given the therapy was 145.41 mg/dl, and a