ABSTRACT
Purpose: Widespread concerns have led to calls by industry practitioners and the academic community on the need to involve QS in construction projects. This study therefore explores the measures for enhancing QS involvement in construction projects in Nigeria. The paper also provides insight on issues and sustainable benefits of QS involvement in construction projects. Design/Methodology/Approach: The mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative) research was applied to the study. 70 questionnaires and 15 interviews from QS practicing in Nigeria formed the basis for the data. Mean item score and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data. Findings: The study reveals poor marketing of the profession, political connections, lack of public awareness on QS roles, Government policies, corrupt practices by parties’ involved and conservative attitude as major issues hindering QS involvement. The study also deduces that socio-economically and financially, QS involvement can result in cost control and management, minimization of financial risk, dispute settlement, economic growth and, transparency/accountability. Environmentally, QS involvement can boost material waste management, use of sustainable materials, mitigate environmental risk, and encourage a circular economy in Nigeria. Therefore, the author finds and recommends that government policy regulating QS involvement, professional training for QS proficiency, and research and technological innovations are measures needed to enhance QS involvement in construction projects across Nigeria. Originality: The paper provides industry and policy guidelines towards the enforcement of QS involvement by the Nigerian Government. The sustainable benefits of QS involvement proffered in this study will contribute to re-positioning the profession in Nigeria.

ABSTRACT
In 1960 Schiff published a paper which questioned to what extent the full formalism of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (GRT) is required in the calculation of three key experimental effects (the gravitational red shift, the deflection of light rays that pass close to the Sun, and the precession of the perihelion of Mercury’s orbit around the Sun), but rather “may be correctly inferred from weaker assumptions that are well established by other experimental evidence.” He noted that the method he employed was not capable of describing the third of the above effects, however. In the present work it will be shown that the latter deficiency has been removed by expanding his scaling procedure to cover the acceleration due to gravity g in Newton’s theory of gravitation, thus further strengthening his argument against the essentiality of GRT. In addition, the scaling procedure has been extended to include other key physical quantities such as energy, momentum and force and even the Universal Gravitation Constant G. The significance of these theoretical developments for the terrestrial experiments of Pound et al., is also discussed.

ABSTRACT
Background: The ever-growing power dissipation and subsequent increase in device temperatures of miniaturized electronics have necessitated the development of enhanced cooling technologies. Microchannel heat sinks (MCHS) offer high surface-area-to-volume ratios, providing an advantage in terms of high heat transfer performance. Traditional coolants, on the other hand, may not be sufficient for handling high heat fluxes. Nanofluids (engineered colloidal suspensions of nano-sized particles in the carrier fluids) have gained a lot of attention owing to their improved thermal conductivity and improved convective behaviour. Objectives: In this paper, the thermal and hydraulic performance of MCHS with nanofluid was investigated to improve heat transfer and decrease pressure drop. It aims at examining the effect of nanoparticle type, concentration, and the microchannel geometry on the cooling performance under laminar flow situations. Methods: A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was constructed with COMSOL Multiphysics to predict heat and fluid transfer in MCHS. Two hybrid nanofluids, i.e., Fe₃O₄-MoS₂ and Al₂O₃-Fe₃O₄ (both with 1% particle volume fraction), were investigated at different Reynolds numbers. Performance indices considered in the study were Nusselt number, maximum surface temperature, pumping power, and heat sink evaluation coefficient. Mesh independence and boundary conditions were checked according to experimental benchmarks. Results: The Fe₃O₄-MoS₂ hybrid nanofluid provided the best thermal results, showing a 0.5% decrease in maximum surface temperature and a 3.2% increase in overall heat transfer rate compared to the Al₂O₃-based nanofluids. Up to 18% higher heat transfer rates were provided by circular microchannel geometries than triangular form profiles. As an offset for the improved thermal performance, a 9% penalty on pumping power was also incurred. Conclusions: The enhancement in MCHS cooling performance is substantial in the

ABSTRACT
We developed a Monte Carlo cyber-risk quantification model that translates ransomware disruption of urban water treatment and distribution systems into service, cash-flow, and tail-loss outcomes. Unlike attack-detection studies, the analysis began after compromise and examined how attack locus, outage duration, treatment or pumping capacity loss, water-storage buffer, infrastructure redundancy, network segmentation, backup maturity, manual operating capability, privileged-access maturity, and incident-response readiness interact. The synthetic experiment comprised 15,000 scenarios across six attack loci: enterprise information technology, SCADA/HMI, historian and telemetry, pump stations, treatment controls, and enterprise-wide compromise. Direct operator loss combined incident response, emergency water supply, overtime, energy inefficiency, revenue loss, public communication, regulatory response, asset restoration, and data restoration. A separate societal layer represented business interruption and expected public-health consequence. Mean direct operator loss was $1.49 million, median loss was $1.09 million, 95% value at risk was $3.81 million, and 95% conditional value at risk was $5.71 million. Enterprise-wide scenarios produced the largest median and tail losses. Attack duration explained most modeled loss variance, followed by capacity loss, daily demand, backup maturity, and population served. An integrated resilience portfolio combining segmentation, offline backup, manual continuity, incident-response capability, and privileged-access improvement reduced mean modeled loss by 40.6% and CVaR95 by approximately 40%. The study provides a transparent framework for engineering, cybersecurity, finance, and executive teams to compare mitigation investments using service continuity and loss distributions rather than qualitative risk ratings alone.