Background: Growing up without parental care can significantly affect a child's psychological well-being. Challenges within family relationships may further contribute to emotional difficulties among orphaned children. Objective: To assess the mental health status of orphaned children and examine its association with selected socio-demographic and orphanage-related characteristics in Bangladesh. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 102 orphaned children aged 10–18 years. The participants were residing at Sir Salimullah Muslim Orphanage, Azimpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Convenience sampling was used to select the participants. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews. A socio-demographic questionnaire was used to collect background information. Status of Mental health was assessed using the 38-item Mental Health Inventory (MHI-38). Frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations were used to summarize the data. Independent-samples t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson’s correlation were used for data analysis. A p-value of less than .05 was set as statistically significant. Results: The mean mental health score was 85.67 ± 32.97. Mental health status was significantly associated with age (r = .297, p = .002), sex (p = .009), educational level (p = .035), academic performance (p = .003), frequency of relatives’ visits (p = .004), relationship with caregivers (p = .004), and living arrangements (p < .001). Older children, girls, and those with higher education and better academic performance had higher mental health scores. Children receiving relatives’ visits, having better caregiver relationships, and living in well-organized arrangements also had higher scores. Ages at parental loss, duration of stay, age at placement, and reason for admission were not significantly associated with mental health status. Conclusion: The mental health status of orphaned children was associated with several factors. These