Climate change and climate variability are important challenges for crop production in Somalia, where agricultural systems are highly exposed to changes in rainfall and temperature. This review synthesizes published empirical studies, climate analyses, farmer-based studies, and relevant institutional evidence on the effects of climate variability on crop production and the adaptation strategies used or proposed in Somalia. The reviewed evidence shows that rainfall variability, rising temperature, drought, and flooding influence crop production, but the magnitude and direction of effects differ among crops and production systems. National and crop-specific studies indicate that sorghum, maize, wheat, beans, rice, and other crops respond differently to climatic conditions. The literature also identifies irrigation, water harvesting, climate-resilient and early-maturing varieties, crop diversification, intercropping, soil and water conservation, improved agronomic practices, and access to climate information as important adaptation measures. Farmers’ ability to implement these practices is influenced by access to water, improved seed, finance, information, extension services, and appropriate technologies. Strengthening irrigation and water management, seed systems, agricultural research, extension services, climate information, and early-warning systems is therefore important for sustaining crop production and improving agricultural resilience in Somalia.