The evolution of cranial nerve anatomy is deeply rooted in the foundational work of ancient Greek physicians, particularly Buqrāt (Hippocrates) and Jalinūs (Galen)), who contributed significant early insights despite limitations imposed by a lack of human dissection. Buqrāt (Hippocrates) is recognized for his theories concerning the brain's role in sensation, while Herophilūs advanced the understanding of sensory and motor nerves. The Islamic Golden Age saw an integration of Greek anatomical knowledge with original clinical observations by scholars such as Al-Rāzī and Ibn Sīnā, who preserved these early insights and enhanced them through detailed works, including Kitāb al-Hāwi and Al-Qanūn fi’tib. These texts not only classified twelve pairs of cranial nerves but also established correlations between their functions and neurological conditions. The translations and commentaries by figures like Ḥunayn Ibn Ishāq Al-‘Ābādī further facilitated the permeation of this knowledge into medieval Europe, influencing Renaissance and modern anatomy. Major contributions included delineations of nerve types based on sensory and motor functions, as well as the recognition of the cranial nerves' pivotal roles in managing bodily functions. The historical progression highlights an essential continuity in the study of anatomy, demonstrating how the insights of ancient and medieval scholars established the foundation for modern neuroanatomy. This narrative illustrates the cumulative and diverse development of scientific ideas within this discipline. The analysis of past contributions elucidates their enduring relevance, bridging historical and modern perspectives in neuroscience. This research paper explores not only serves to preserve the legacy of ancient and medieval anatomists but also emphasizes their relevance in the context of modern medical understanding.