Abstract: Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are frequently linked to the crippling condition known as oral mucositis (OM). It can seriously impair quality of life and possibly interfere with cancer treatment plans. It manifests as painful ulceration, erythema, and oedema. Microbiota dysbiosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory pathways are all intricate components of the pathophysiology of OM. Its severity is influenced by several risk factors, such as chemotherapy, radiation dosage, genetic predisposition, and oral hygiene. There is still no ideal gold-standard treatment for it, despite its high prevalence. Pharmacological interventions like cytoprotective agents, anti- inflammatory medications, growth factors, biological response modifiers, and antimicrobial agents are all part of the multimodal approach used in current management strategies. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), cryotherapy, and dental hygiene practices are examples of non-pharmacological methods that have demonstrated promise in reducing symptoms and enhancing patient outcomes. Recent developments in OM pathophysiology and treatment approaches are compiled in this review, which highlights the importance of tailored, evidence-based treatment plans. To improve patient care and reduce OM-related morbidity, more research is necessary to create innovative, affordable, and widely recognized treatments.