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Heavy Metals Health-Risk Assessment of Zingiber officinale in Akwa Ibom and Enugu following High Consumption During the COVID-19 Era

DOI : https://doi.org/10.36349/easms.2025.v08i02.001
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Background: The World Health Organization's designation of Corona Virus Disease - 2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic in 2020 shocked the world. There is no known treatment for the virus, although the FDA has licensed several vaccines for its prevention; thus, desperation within society has resulted in a growing use of medicinal plant-based therapies, such as Azadirachta indica, Zingiber officinale, Allium sativum, Nigella sativa, and, Vernonia amygdalina among others, that have been claimed to alleviate COVID-19 symptoms. Aim: the study assessed the health risk of some heavy metals associated with the consumption of Z. officinale rhizome in some selected Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom (Southern Nigeria) and Enugu (Eastern Nigeria) States, where consumption was increased significantly due to COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify the amount of heavy metals in Zingiber officinale following standard digestion procedures. Health Risk Assessment was conducted using Estimated Daily Intake, Target Hazard Quotient, Hazard Index, Carcinogenic Risk as well overall statistical analysis, to ascertain the long-term health potential risk of consuming Zingiber officinale herbal supplements. Result: The mean concentration of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in Z. officinale rhizome ranges from 0.001 to 0.942 mg/kg, 3.403 to 4.386 mg/kg, and 0.002 to 0.244 mg/kg, respectively, while that of mercury, and nickel all locations was 0.001 mg/kg, and 1.377 to 3.100 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion: All heavy metals but arsenic and mercury were higher in concentration than the prescribed limit, hence possess are potential risks among these locations in the future. The hazard quotient (HQ) values of all heavy metals were <1 in all the samples, thus relatively safe to consume the plant but with caution to checkmate arsenic or mercury poisoning.

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Dr. Afroza Begum

Lecturer, Dept. of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College & Hospital, Uttara, Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh

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