Introduction: The periodontium is a complex system of supporting tissues and alveolar bone that surrounds and maintains the teeth in place. It is essential for oral health and functionality. Orthodontic treatment, aimed at correcting dental malpositions and improving occlusion, has a significant impact on the health and integrity of the periodontium. Currently, there is a constant increase in demand for orthodontic treatments, both in children and adults, with a variety of available appliances, fixed or removable. However, these devices can compromise dental hygiene and potentially lead to periodontal problems. Our work, based on a literature review, aims to discuss the effects of fixed and removable orthodontic treatments on periodontal health. Materials and Methods: The objective of this work is to present the adverse effects of orthodontic treatment on the periodontium through a bibliographic study on the two databases Google Scholar and PubMed. There are numerous epidemiological studies on the influence of fixed and removable orthodontic treatment on periodontal health. Conclusion: Throughout this work, we will explore the interactions between orthodontics and the periodontium, highlighting the physiological mechanisms and therapeutic implications that stem from these close relationships, with the primary goal being to minimize adverse effects on the periodontium during and after orthodontic treatment. By fully understanding these periodontal manifestations following orthodontic therapy, orthodontists will be better equipped to plan and execute orthodontic treatments that not only improve aesthetics and occlusal function but also preserve the long-term health of their patients' periodontium.