Purpose: The use of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery is to prevent infection of the surgical wound. Although its principles follow specific guidelines, inappropriate practice is often observed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of prophylactic antibiotics in the operating room of the RH of Maradi (Niger). Methodology: This was a prospective and descriptive study done over a period of 12 months; from the 1st of January to December 31, 2020. We studied patients admitted to the operating rooms for Surgical Wound Classification (SWC) I and II scheduled surgeries. Results: We collected 286 patients of which 68.53% were male with a mean age of 27.1 years. Patients were SWC I and II. Abdominal,genito-urinary and ortho-trauma surgeries were the most performed. 96.15% of patients received antibiotic prophylaxis. Six patients were already on antibiotics and five patients received none. Ceftriaxone was the most widely used drug. The delay between administration and incision was 30 min or more in only 6.18% of patients. More than half of our patients had received the antibiotic less than 30 min before the incision (57.81%). Postoperative complications were infectious in 60% of cases, 80% of which were surgical site infections. Infectious complications occurred in patients who received their 1st round of antibiotics after incision and the rest within 15 min which preceded the incision. Conclusion: Strict and rigorous respect of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis protocols in the operating room is a daily challenge, while the fight against nosocomial infections and bacterial resistance remains a major concern.