ABSTRACT
Abstract: The aim of the study of this paper is to improve the microstructure characteristics and alloying elements of CSN 12050 carbon steel products through thermal treatment and temperature-dependent characteristics (Recrystallization) to enhance the ease of machinability. The treated and untreated samples change in microstructure characteristics is examined using metallographic microscope equipped with camera. The result showed that an improved microstructure for the ease of machinability obtained in the thermal treatment cycle of annealing and a temperature- dependent (recrystallization) process. Furthermore, by heating the metal to the recrystallization temperature before deformation, the forces and power required to carry out the process are significantly reduced. Analysis of chemical composition has been carried out using Spectro-test TXC25 machine model number 2010, for the required specimens of CSN 12050 carbon steel. Result showed that the improved alloying elements in the chemical compositions of CSN 12050 carbon steel successfully achieved through temperature-dependent recrystallization process. The obtained enhancement in CSN 12050 carbon steel microstructure characteristics and alloying elements is a good implication to comprehend the product sustainability for the ease of machinability in dry condition. The experimentally validated results value using the digital power analyzer shown that 35 % for untreated sample test, 33 % for annealed sample, and for recrystallized sample 32 % of cutting power consumption were recorded. Finally, from the achieved result we can predict that the possibility of economic, environmental and societal benefits of dry machining condition by avoiding the use of cutting fluids.

ABSTRACT
Abstract: In tropical regions where the sun is constantly high in the sky are experiencing intense solar radiation throughout the year. The urban areas where less vegetation is found are most impacted which lead to among others, the urban heat island phenomenon. Global temperature rise increases cooling load, thus, more energy is consumed. Careful planning of exterior spaces can help reduce energy consumption for cooling by reducing the adverse impact of some climatic factors and increasing vegetation. Strategically placed vegetation around a building has long been recognised as a means of cooling. It can reduce temperatures and humidity through shading, evapotranspiration and wind channeling. Thus, manipulating the building envelop and ambience. Two buildings in the same area with similar orientation were considered, pictures and readings were taken on site using data loggers. One of the buildings had more paved surfaces while the other had more green surfaces, temperature and humidity readings were taken simultaneously and compared. It was discovered that the building with more green surfaces maintained a lower temperature and higher humidity as compared with the building with more paved surfaces.